{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:49:58Z","timestamp":1791532198495,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":35,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791504000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100021171","name":"Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2024A1515013018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2024A1515013018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100021171","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Insect Science"],"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sorting nexins (SNXs) are phosphoinositide\u2010binding proteins that play critical roles in membrane trafficking and have been implicated in antiviral immunity. However, the function of SNX20 in insect antiviral immunity remains poorly defined. In this study, we investigated the role of\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx mori SNX20<\/jats:italic>\n                    (BmSNX20) during infection with\n                    <jats:italic>Bombyx mori<\/jats:italic>\n                    nucleopolyhedrovirus (BmNPV). Phylogenetic and domain analyses revealed that SNX20 is evolutionarily conserved across insect species and contains a canonical phox homology (PX) domain. Expression profiling showed that\n                    <jats:italic>BmSNX20<\/jats:italic>\n                    is highly expressed in the midgut and fat body and is significantly upregulated upon BmNPV infection in both larvae and BmN cells. Functional analyses demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>BmSNX20<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockdown significantly enhanced viral replication, whereas its overexpression suppressed viral gene expression, reduced viral titers, and improved host survival, indicating a clear antiviral role. Mechanistically,\n                    <jats:italic>BmSNX20<\/jats:italic>\n                    overexpression activated multiple immune pathways, including Imd, JAK\/STAT signaling, RNA interference, STING and notably promoted autophagy, as indicated by upregulated expression of\n                    <jats:italic>ATG5<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ATG8<\/jats:italic>\n                    , enhanced MDC fluorescence, increased conversion of ATG8 to its lipidated form ATG8\u2010PE, and strong colocalization between BmSNX20 and ATG8. These demonstrate that\n                    <jats:italic>BmSNX20<\/jats:italic>\n                    overexpression triggers an autophagic response, which may contribute to its antiviral activity, in addition to the activation of multiple other immune pathways. In conclusion, this study identified\n                    <jats:italic>BmSNX20<\/jats:italic>\n                    as a novel antiviral factor in silkworms and highlighted its role in linking membrane trafficking to autophagy and innate immunity. These findings expand our understanding of SNX protein functions in insect antiviral defense and provide novel insights into host\u2013virus interactions in invertebrates.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7917.70368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:11:55Z","timestamp":1791529915000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["<i>BmSNX20<\/i>\n                    restricts\n                    <i>Bombyx mori<\/i>\n                    nucleopolyhedrovirus infection and is associated with autophagy\u2010mediated antiviral immunity"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Jian","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangyu","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tiandong","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liang","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-0405-0664","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hanyang","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doudou","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0781-7593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jingchen","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Engineering Technology Research Center of Sericulture, College of Animal Science South China Agricultural University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214059","article-title":"HTLV\u20101 Tax\u20101 interacts with SNX27 to regulate cellular localization of the HTLV\u20101 receptor molecule, GLUT1","volume":"14","author":"Al\u2010Saleem J.","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS ONE"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.246306","article-title":"A heterodimeric SNX4\u2013SNX7 SNX\u2010BAR autophagy complex coordinates ATG9A trafficking for efficient autophagosome assembly","volume":"133","author":"Ant\u00f3n Z.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-virology-092917-043356","article-title":"Baculovirus entry and egress from insect cells","volume":"5","author":"Blissard 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humoral immune defense in the silkworm, Bombyx mori: mechanistic insights and responses to microbial pathogens","volume":"170","author":"Ghani M.U.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Developmental and Comparative Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.3390\/v17071017","article-title":"Regulation of Bombyx mori\u2010BmNPV protein interactions: study strategies and molecular mechanisms","volume":"17","author":"Guo D.","year":"2025","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1126","DOI":"10.1038\/s41423-019-0285-2","article-title":"SNX8 modulates the innate immune response to RNA viruses by regulating the aggregation of VISA","volume":"17","author":"Guo W.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cellular & Molecular Immunology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-ento-120220-112317","article-title":"The mechanisms of silkworm resistance to the baculovirus and antiviral breeding","volume":"68","author":"Hu Z.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Annual Review of Entomology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.201205129","article-title":"Membrane remodeling by the PX\u2010BAR protein SNX18 promotes autophagosome formation","volume":"202","author":"Kn\u00e6velsrud H.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Journal of Cell Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1007\/s11033-021-06906-9","article-title":"Human sorting nexin 2 protein interacts with influenza A virus PA protein and has a negative regulatory effect on the virus replication","volume":"49","author":"Ko\u00e7mar T.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Molecular Biology Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.25.022106.141615","article-title":"The host defense of Drosophila 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stomatitis virus","volume":"30","author":"Shelly S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201744837","article-title":"SNX18 regulates ATG9A trafficking from recycling endosomes by recruiting Dynamin\u20102","volume":"19","author":"S\u00f8reng K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"EMBO Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.3390\/v10050230","article-title":"Defense mechanisms against viral infection in Drosophila: RNAi and non\u2010RNAi","volume":"10","author":"Swevers L.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Viruses."},{"key":"e_1_2_7_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20111226","article-title":"Insights into the PX (phox\u2010homology) domain and SNX (sorting nexin) protein families: structures, functions and roles in disease","volume":"441","author":"Teasdale R.D.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biochemical 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host restriction factor that degrades African swine fever virus CP204L via the RAB1B\u2010dependent autophagy pathway","volume":"98","author":"Yang W.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00041-23","article-title":"Bombyx mori nucleopolyhedrovirus hijacks multivesicular body as an alternative envelopment platform for budded virus egress","volume":"97","author":"Yao C.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1128\/jvi.00974-24","article-title":"Fish Snx27 promotes viral products by modulating the innate immune response and exosomal machinery","volume":"98","author":"Yu Y.","year":"2024","journal-title":"Journal of Virology"}],"container-title":["Insect Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70368","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70368","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70368","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T07:12:01Z","timestamp":1791529921000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70368"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"references-count":35,"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1744-7917.70368"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1744-7917.70368","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1672-9609","1744-7917"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1672-9609","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7917","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-06-23","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication 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