{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T00:02:53Z","timestamp":1781222573438,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":107,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]],"date-time":"2022-01-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1641945600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Asia Pac J Human Res"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Sustainable human resource management (HRM) has been evolving for more than 15\u2009years. It builds on strategic HRM (SHRM). Sustainable HRM is built around broad organisational goals in a number of areas, not just \u2018business\u2019 goals. Central to this approach is the link between HRM and sustainability. Sustainable HRM seeks to achieve positive economic, social, human and environmental outcomes simultaneously, in the short term and the long term. The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development established Sustainable Development Goals. These provide strategies, goals, activities and management practices which human resource practitioners can apply to further sustainability outcomes. This link with sustainability has contributed to studies in areas very different to SHRM and required consideration of additional theories for insights into Sustainable HRM. This article identifies six characteristics of Sustainable HRM which explain the divergence with SHRM. These characteristics are contradictory outcomes, concern with capability development, the need to recognise potential and actual positive and negative outcomes, attention to the development and implementation of HRM activities, the explicit statement of values informing Sustainable HRM and the design of metrics to promote sustainability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1744-7941.12321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,13]],"date-time":"2022-01-13T00:15:07Z","timestamp":1642032907000},"page":"146-170","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":148,"title":["Sustainable human resource management: six defining characteristics"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"60","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1762-2514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Robin","family":"Kramar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Notre Dame University Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","volume-title":"Manufacturing advantage: why high\u2010performance work systems pay off","author":"Applebaum E","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/256705"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2019.100705"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639101700108"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-8583.2007.00018.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","first-page":"97","article-title":"The interplay of organization development and organizational transformation","volume":"2","author":"Bartunek J","year":"1988","journal-title":"Research in Organizational Change and Development"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0149206306293668"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21726"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","volume-title":"Managing human assets","author":"Beer M","year":"1984"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","first-page":"91","volume-title":"Measuring Sustainability: Learning From Doing","author":"Bell S","year":"2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","volume-title":"Key concepts in corporate social responsibility","author":"Benn S","year":"2011"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0143831X06063098"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190500120574"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2009.09.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_16_1","volume-title":"From capability to profitability: realizing the value of people management","author":"Boston Consulting Group (BCG)","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/20159029"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748\u20108583.1996.tb00412.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-8583.12015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-8583.2008.00082.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_21_1","volume-title":"Report of the World Commission on Environment and Development: Our Common Future","author":"Brundtland G","year":"1987"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/02683940810904385"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.respol.2016.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.22029"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_25_1","volume-title":"Cranet survey on comparative human resource management international executive report","author":"Cranet","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4102\/sajip.v31i4.211"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1564-913X.2004.tb00269.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5771\/0935-9915-2014-4-263"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37524-8_14"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/256713"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.21504"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_32_1","volume-title":"Organizational change for corporate responsibility","author":"Dunphy D","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-7908-2188-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_34_1","volume-title":"Cannibals with forks: the triple bottom line of the 21st century","author":"Elkington J","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_35_1","article-title":"25 years ago I coined the phrase \u2018Triple Bottom Line\u2019. Here\u2019s why it\u2019s time to rethink it","author":"Elkington J","year":"2018","journal-title":"Harvard Business Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_36_1","volume-title":"Strategy, HRM and performance","author":"Farndale E","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551-013-1748-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_38_1","first-page":"81","volume-title":"Paradox and transformation: toward a theory of change in organization and management","author":"Ford JD","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_39_1","volume-title":"The state of the global workplace: a worldwide study of engagement and well\u2010being","author":"Gallup Consulting","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/amp2007.26421238"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1014090411946"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10551\u2010012\u20101354\u2010y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2015.1033641"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2015.1065431"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1748-8583.12139"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2015.1052087"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1748\u20108583.12095"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585199000000038"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/256741"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_50_1","volume-title":"Implementing guidelines for a just transition in Asia and the Pacific: lessons from the Philippines (Bangkok, 2018)","author":"ILO","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_51_1","unstructured":"ILO(2021)Indonesia and Japan work hand in hand enhancing COVID\u201019 prevention at the workplace.Ilo.org\/Jakarta\/info\/public\/pr\/wcms811274\/lang\u2010en\/index.htm."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_52_1","unstructured":"ILO\u2010OECD(2020)The impact of the COVID\u201019 pandemic on jobs incomes in G20 economies.Ilo.org\/wcmsp5\/public\u2013cabinet\/documents\/publication\/wcms\u201075633p.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_53_1","volume-title":"Towards a longer work life. Ageing and quality of life in the European Union","author":"Imarinen J","year":"2006"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/19416520.2014.872335"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/00483489010004306"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585190600756384"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1287\/orsc.12.6.744.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_58_1","volume-title":"The road ahead: the KPMG survey of corporate responsibility reporting 2017","author":"KPMG","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585192.2013.816863"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_60_1","volume-title":"Capstone HRM: dynamics and ambiguity in the workplace","author":"Kramar R","year":"2015"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_14_61_1","first-page":"903","article-title":"The choice of organizational governance form and performance: predictions from transactions cost, resource\u2010based, and real options theories","volume":"29","author":"Leiblen MJ","year":"2003","journal-title":"Journal of Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2009.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03068290310483779"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/17574321311321595"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2014.03.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/IJM\u201012\u20102015\u20100204"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_67_1","volume-title":"Sustainable human resource management: strategies, practices and challenges","author":"Mariappanadar S","year":"2019"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_14_68_1","first-page":"206","article-title":"The dark side of overwork: an empirical evidence of social harm of work from a sustainable HRM perspective","volume":"6","author":"Mariappanadar S","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Studies of Management and Organisation"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/APJBA-03-2014-0039"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_70_1","first-page":"275","volume-title":"Sustainable human resource management: strategies, practices and challenges","author":"Mariappnadar S","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5771\/0949-6181-2004-2-123"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/03090590510610236"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_73_1","unstructured":"OECD(2020)Income inequality (indicator).https:\/\/urldefense.com\/v3\/__http:\/\/oecd.org\/social\/inequality\u2010and\u2010poverty.htm__;!!N11eV2iwtfs!t\u2010XXf9jH24ANAQp1WebkKOVSgwexgFI9p5S\u2010OPAEpjwy3I0vNiqHy2b70GPirHYwjRwsO6_umd_zfY3s_rbp3GA$\"oecd.org\/social\/inequality\u2010and\u2010poverty.htm. Accessed 31 May 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_74_1","unstructured":"OECD(2021)OECD Better Life Index.www.oecdbetterlifeindex.org\/topics\/work\u2010life\u2010balanceAccessed 31 May 2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-642-37524-8_5"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_76_1","volume-title":"Strategy, HRM and performance","author":"Paauwe J","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_77_1","first-page":"61","volume-title":"Sustainable human resource management","author":"Parkin Hughes C","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.accfor.2018.01.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1744\u20107941.12285"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2478\/pesd\u20102014\u20100016"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2016.02.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2019.04.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_83_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-8583.2007.00022.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10490-017-9532-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9781315768953"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1468-2370.2011.00328.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bse.2251"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1057\/978-1-137-57940-9_20"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_89_1","unstructured":"SachsJD RLayardandJFHelliwell(2018).World Happiness Report 2018 Working Papers id:12761. eSocialSciences."},{"key":"e_1_2_14_90_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0090\u20102616(92)90083\u2010Y"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_91_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5465\/AME.1987.4275740"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_92_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5771\/0935-9915-2005-1-11"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_93_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.3930230304"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_94_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su10124798"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_95_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09585191003612075"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_96_1","volume-title":"Human resource champions: the next agenda for adding value and delivering results","author":"Ulrich D","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_97_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hrmr.2015.01.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_98_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1108\/14754391211234940"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_99_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10869-005-6994-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_100_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20119"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_101_1","volume-title":"Strategic HRM and performance: a conceptual framework","author":"Vanderstraeten A","year":"2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_102_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/smj.1952"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_103_1","volume-title":"Human capital index: human capital as a lead indicator of shareholder value","author":"Watson Wyatt Worldwide","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_104_1","first-page":"325","volume-title":"The inner level: how more equal societies reduce stress, restore sanity and improve everyone's well\u2010being","author":"Wilkinson A","year":"2018"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_105_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1596\/978-1-4648-1702-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_106_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/014920639201800205"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_107_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-8583.2010.00165.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_108_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/hrm.20061"}],"container-title":["Asia Pacific Journal of Human Resources"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7941.12321","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1744-7941.12321","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1744-7941.12321","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T19:01:14Z","timestamp":1780945274000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1744-7941.12321"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"references-count":107,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1744-7941.12321"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1744-7941.12321","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1038-4111","1744-7941"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1038-4111","type":"print"},{"value":"1744-7941","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-11-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-01-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}