{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,16]],"date-time":"2026-05-16T01:35:28Z","timestamp":1778895328583,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]],"date-time":"2019-03-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1552521600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Nutrition &amp;amp; Dietetics"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>To assess dietary intake and nutritional adequacy amongst self\u2010identified symptomatic wheat\u2010avoiders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty\u2010four self\u2010identified symptomatic avoiders of wheat\u2010based products without a diagnosis of coeliac disease or wheat allergy were recruited to participate in a dietary assessment study. Dietary intake was assessed via a three\u2010day weighed food record. Participants were aged 33 to 83\u2009years, were predominantly women (n\u2009=\u200930) and had been avoiding wheat for a mean of six years. Nutrient intakes were compared with Nutrient Reference Values. Food group intakes were assessed and consumption of wheat\u2010containing and wheat\u2010free cereal\u2010based foods described.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Inadequate intakes of key protective nutrients such as fibre and calcium were common; many participants reported avoiding dairy as well as wheat. Intakes of total and saturated fat exceeded recommendations. Although 85% of the sample reported avoiding all wheat products, at least one third of cereal products and dishes consumed in this group, comprising mostly discretionary\u2010type foods, were wheat based.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Dietary intake patterns and resulting nutrient imbalances in individuals restricting or eliminating wheat to manage symptoms are cause for concern. The situation is likely exacerbated by the tendency for many wheat avoiders to report also avoiding other foods, especially dairy products. A bi\u2010disciplinary approach from medical practitioners and dietitians to individuals experiencing unexplained gastro\u2010intestinal symptoms and strategies to support informed food choice is needed to combat longer\u2010term health consequences of a diet with this nutritional profile.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1747-0080.12521","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,15]],"date-time":"2019-03-15T02:14:06Z","timestamp":1552616046000},"page":"305-312","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Thinking about going wheat\u2010free? Evidence of nutritional inadequacies in the dietary practices of wheat avoiders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"76","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8468-1250","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sin\u00e9ad","family":"Golley","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Health and Biosecurity  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danielle","family":"Baird","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Health and Biosecurity  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gilly A.","family":"Hendrie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CSIRO Health and Biosecurity  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Philip","family":"Mohr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology, Faculty of Health Sciences University of Adelaide  Adelaide South Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,3,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980014000652"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-10-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5103839"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"603","article-title":"Managing symptoms and health through self\u2010prescribed restrictive diets: what can general practitioners learn from the phenomenon of wheat avoidance?","volume":"46","author":"Golley S","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust Fam Physician"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S002966511200081X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2013.04.051"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5415\/apallergy.2013.3.4.257"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cgh.2015.01.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"S1","article-title":"Dietary fibre, non\u2010starch polysaccharides and resistant starch: a review","volume":"48","author":"Baghurst PA","year":"1996","journal-title":"Food Aust"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/PNS2002221"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.307"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2017.149"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"630","article-title":"Kwashiorkor in the United States: fad diets, perceived and true milk allergy, and nutritional ignorance","volume":"137","author":"Liu T","year":"2001","journal-title":"Arch Dermatol"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ejcn.1602367"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-277X.2005.00607.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-8223(99)00205-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2036.2010.04386.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1368980015003250"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","unstructured":"Australian National Health and Medical Research Council & New Zealand Ministry of Health. 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