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Studying intraspecific variation in toxins and linking it to environmental variables may help us to identify the selective drivers of toxin evolution, such as predation pressure and infection risk. Recently, there has been a renewed interest in the unique toxins produced by salamanders from the genus <jats:italic>Salamandra<\/jats:italic>: the samandarines. Despite this attention, intraspecific variation has largely been ignored within <jats:italic>Salamandra<\/jats:italic>\u2010species. The aim of this study was to investigate whether geographic variation in profiles of samandarines exists, by sampling 4 populations of <jats:italic>Salamandra atra<\/jats:italic> over its range in the Dinaric Alps. In addition, we preliminary explored whether potential variation could be explained by predation (counting the number of snake species) and infection risk (cultivation and genomic analyses of collected soil samples). Salamanders from the 4 populations differed in toxin composition and in the size of their poison glands, although not in overall toxin quantity. Nor predation nor infection risk could explain this variation, as populations barely differed in these variables. Sampling over a much broader geographic range, using better estimators for predation and infection risk, will contribute to an improved understanding of how environment may shape variation in chemical defenses. Nevertheless, as the 4 populations of <jats:italic>S. atra<\/jats:italic> did differ in their toxin profiles, we propose that this species provides an interesting opportunity for further ecological and evolutionary studies on amphibian toxins.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,23]],"date-time":"2020-09-23T13:48:45Z","timestamp":1600868925000},"page":"336-353","update-policy":"http:\/\/dx.doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Toxin variation among salamander populations: discussing potential causes and future directions"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Gilles","family":"DE MEESTER","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Group University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emina","family":"\u0160UNJE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Group University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"},{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences University of Sarajevo  Sarajevo Bosnia\u2010Hercegovina"},{"name":"Herpetological Association in Bosnia and Herzegovina: BHHU: ATRA  Sarajevo Bosnia\u2010Hercegovina"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Els","family":"PRINSEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Impress University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erik","family":"VERBRUGGEN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Plant and Ecosystems University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Raoul","family":"VAN DAMME","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Functional Morphology Group University of Antwerp  Wilrijk Belgium"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,10,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","volume-title":"Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Britain and Europe","author":"Arnold EN","year":"2002"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1439804063"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pauz.19860150402"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0010957"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","first-page":"267","article-title":"Bacteria on the skin of Salamandra salamandra (L.) 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