{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T14:08:56Z","timestamp":1790518136157,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integr. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Yersinia pestis<\/jats:italic>, causative agent of plague, occurs throughout the western United States in rodent populations and periodically causes epizootics in susceptible species, including black\u2010tailed prairie dogs (<jats:italic>Cynomys ludovicianus<\/jats:italic>). How <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> persists long\u2010term in the environment between these epizootics is poorly understood but multiple mechanisms have been proposed, including, among others, a separate enzootic transmission cycle that maintains <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> without involvement of epizootic hosts and persistence of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> within epizootic host populations without causing high mortality within those populations. We live\u2010trapped and collected fleas from black\u2010tailed prairie dogs and other mammal species from sites with and without black\u2010tailed prairie dogs in 2004 and 2005 and tested all fleas for presence of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> was not detected in 2126 fleas collected in 2004 but was detected in 294 fleas collected from multiple sites in 2005, before and during a widespread epizootic that drastically reduced black\u2010tailed prairie dog populations in the affected colonies. Temporal and spatial patterns of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> occurrence in fleas and genotyping of <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> present in some infected fleas suggest <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> was introduced multiple times from sources outside the study area and once introduced, was dispersed between several sites. We conclude <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> likely was not present in these black\u2010tailed prairie dog colonies prior to epizootic activity in these colonies. Although we did not identify likely enzootic hosts, we found evidence that deer mice (<jats:italic>Peromyscus maniculatus<\/jats:italic>) may serve as bridging hosts for <jats:italic>Y. pestis<\/jats:italic> between unknown enzootic hosts and black\u2010tailed prairie dogs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12546","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T04:13:36Z","timestamp":1619064816000},"page":"834-851","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["No evidence for enzootic plague within black\u2010tailed prairie dog (<i>Cynomys ludovicianus<\/i>) populations"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"16","author":[{"given":"Rebecca E.","family":"COLMAN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R. Jory","family":"BRINKERHOFF","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joseph D.","family":"BUSCH","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"RAY","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adina","family":"DOYLE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jason W.","family":"SAHL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul","family":"KEIM","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sharon K.","family":"COLLINGE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Environmental Studies Program University of Colorado at Boulder  Boulder Colorado USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David M.","family":"WAGNER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pathogen and Microbiome Institute Northern Arizona University  Flagstaff Arizona USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2144\/04375BM03"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.2007\/016154-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/102.1.14"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/mbo3.1105"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","unstructured":"BarnesAM(1993).A review of plague and its relevance to prairie dog populations and the black\u2010footed ferret. In:OldenmeyerJL BigginsDE MillerBJ eds.Proceedings of the Symposium on the Management of Prairie Dog Complexes for the Reintroduction of the Black\u2010Footed Ferret.U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2019.00075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0049"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1469-0691.2003.00677.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0906-7590.2008.05336.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0044"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0031182010001046"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2322"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0217-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","volume-title":"Laboratory Manual of Plague Diagnostic Tests","author":"Chu CM","year":"2000"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","volume-title":"Change in Marine Communities: An Approach to Statistical Analysis and Interpretation","author":"Clarke KR","year":"2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/acprof:oso\/9780198567080.001.0001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1510.090188"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1205750110"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","volume-title":"The Prairie Dog Ecosystem: Managing for Biological Diversity","author":"Cully JF","year":"1989"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/1545-1542(2001)082<0894:ICOSPI>2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-018-1337-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1095854"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41435-019-0065-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1473-3099(06)70438-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2020.2625"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plague in Colorado and Texas. I. Colorado","volume":"6","author":"Ecke DH","year":"1952","journal-title":"Public Health Service Monographs"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/033.046.0403"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/vetres:2008039"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585(2008)45[1160:DOETOY]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1406.080029"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.37.6.1980-1984.1999"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.2002.66.186"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Plague in the western part of the United States","volume":"254","author":"Eskey CR","year":"1940","journal-title":"Public Health Bulletin"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","volume-title":"Manual of Medical Entomology","author":"Furman DP","year":"1982"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.ento.50.071803.130337"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.2216"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0401561101"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"The detection of inapparent infections with Pasteurella pestis in a Microtus californicus population in the San Francisco Bay Area","volume":"65","author":"Goldenberg MI","year":"1964","journal-title":"Zoonoses Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1525-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-006-9226-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2004.94.10.1075"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.31.6.1511-1514.1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-42.1.164"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","volume-title":"Fleas of Western North America","author":"Hubbard CA","year":"1968"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1902.120659"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2010.04634.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1956.5.1058"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.1958.tb35421.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","first-page":"33","article-title":"Observations on prairie dog dispersal in Montana","volume":"17","author":"Knowles CJ","year":"1985","journal-title":"Prairie Naturalist"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2017.2142"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1644\/12-MAMM-A-197.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1935536"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2018.2332"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12511"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3201\/eid2402.171065"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2009.0053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1382103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0006077"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2015.1825"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.1999.61.814"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-8286.2005.01155.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/CMR.10.1.35"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_65_1","volume-title":"Plague","author":"Poland JD","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_66_1","volume-title":"Handbook of Zoonoses","author":"Poland JD","year":"1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_67_1","first-page":"121","article-title":"Ecological studies of wild rodent plague in the San Francisco Bay Area of California. VIII. Susceptibility of wild rodents to experimental plague infection","volume":"1","author":"Quan SF","year":"1962","journal-title":"Zoonoses Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.67.8.3759-3762.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_69_1","first-page":"218","article-title":"Potential effects of a keystone species on the dynamics of sylvatic plague","volume":"204","author":"Ray C","year":"2006","journal-title":"Disease Ecology: Community Structure and Pathogen Dynamics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-013-0860-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10592-011-0293-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-43.3.425"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1002826107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2007.0199"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/biosci\/biv179"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mimet.2010.03.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/10-1946.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/525051"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_79_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/1540-9295(2004)002[0235:POEIPD]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_80_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.724"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_81_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2656.2009.01541.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_82_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0602447103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_83_1","unstructured":"SwoffordD(1993). PAUP. 4.0b10 ed. Sinauer Sunderland MA."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_84_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-44.3.731"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_85_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-010-0312-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_86_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/vbz.2008.0194"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_87_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10393-017-1236-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_88_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7589\/0090-3558-24.3.399"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_89_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2006.11.007"}],"container-title":["Integrative Zoology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12546","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12546","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12546","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,23]],"date-time":"2023-08-23T20:55:37Z","timestamp":1692824137000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12546"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1749-4877.12546"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12546","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-4877","1749-4877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-4877","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-4877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-05-31","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}