{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,29]],"date-time":"2026-07-29T22:56:00Z","timestamp":1785365760646,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]],"date-time":"2021-06-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integr. Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>The black rat is considered one of the world's top pests. With increased restrictions on rodenticides, new alternatives to manage rats are urgently needed. Research on the use of contraceptive hormones, levonorgestrel (LE), and quinestrol (QU), have been evaluated against some rodent species, and this research is the first study to assess these on black rats. Hormones were incorporated into rodent bait at 10 and 50 ppm concentrations singly and in combination (EP\u20101). Groups of 10 animals of each sex were fed the baits over 7\u00a0days. Lower bait consumption was observed with slight body mass reductions. On dissection, it was observed that the uterus was in a state of edema and male reproductive organs weighed less with reduced sperm counts\/motility. The 2 most promising baits, 50 ppm QU and EP\u20101, were used to assess impact on pregnancy and litter size. Pregnancy was reduced from 70% success when both males and females consumed untreated bait, down to 30% when males had consumed contraceptive bait but females had not, and down to 0% when females had consumed contraceptive bait, regardless of whether they had paired with a treated or untreated male. Litter size in the untreated pairs was 8 pups, but only 4 pups in those cases where the male only had consumed the contraceptive. Further studies should investigate how long the effect lasts and its reversibility. Field studies at the population level may also shed light on the practicality of using contraceptive baits for black rats in different habitats.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12563","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T10:27:17Z","timestamp":1622197637000},"page":"991-1001","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Impact of contraceptive hormones on the reproductive potential of male and female commensal black rats (<i>Rattus rattus<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"17","author":[{"given":"Mwajabu","family":"SELEMANI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Wildlife Management Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rhodes H.","family":"MAKUNDI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pest Management Centre Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Apia W.","family":"MASSAWE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pest Management Centre Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ginethon","family":"MHAMPHI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pest Management Centre Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Loth S.","family":"MULUNGU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pest Management Centre Sokoine University of Agriculture  Morogoro Tanzania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Steven R.","family":"BELMAIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Natural Resources Institute University of Greenwich  Kent UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-020-00074-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0026357"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2000.00591.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR14189"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64377-9_10"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","unstructured":"BomfordM O'BrienP(1992).A role for fertility control wildlife management in Australia. In:BorreccoJE MarshRE eds.Fifteenth Vertebrate Pest Conference.University of California Press Davis CA p.5."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-005-0228-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/9781845938178.0000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"192","article-title":"Farmer survey in the hinterland of Kisangani (Democratic Republic of Congo) on rodent crop damage and rodent control techniques used","volume":"72","author":"Drazo NA","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mammalia"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-04064-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2010.00185.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11252-013-0305-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/h0077264"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/2404478"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0261-2194(98)00029-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR07145"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"185","article-title":"A preliminary study on the anti\u2010fertility effect of two sterilants to clawed jirds (Meriones unguiculatus)","volume":"14","author":"Huo X","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Agrestia Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64377-9_2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2193\/0022-541X(2004)068[1130:TIOSFO]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR07129"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1309816"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1530\/acta.0.0810644"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12236"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.2302"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2012.00296.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2108\/zsj.29.37"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1538\/expanim.60.489"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0962728600025355"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10340-017-0894-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1071\/WR13141"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408410902989837"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5070\/V42811054"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","first-page":"212","article-title":"A California without rodenticides: Challenges for commensal rodent management in the future","volume":"13","author":"Quinn N","year":"2019","journal-title":"Human\u2013Wildlife Interactions"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-64377-9_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/oeh.2010.16.2.183"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2010.00191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.9140"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2984\/68.2.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2020.02.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","unstructured":"SiersSR SugiharaRT LeinbachILet\u00a0al. (2020).Laboratory evaluation of the effectiveness of the fertility control bait ContraPest\u00ae on wild\u2010captured black rats (Rattus rattus). In:WoodsDM ed.Proceedings of the 29th Vertebrate Pest Conference Paper No. 50 2\u20135 Mar 2020 Santa Barbara CA 7pp."},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jmammal\/gyw078"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2008.00071.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2007.00067.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2664.2001.00656.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2017.08.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1379041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b04788"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2012.06.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0091356"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","first-page":"392","article-title":"Effect of the contraceptive compound (EP\u20101) on reproduction of the Djungarian hamster (Phodopus campbelli) in the typical steppe","volume":"26","author":"Wan X","year":"2006","journal-title":"Acta Theriologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2011.06.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1096-3642.1950.tb01458.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","volume-title":"WHO Laboratory Manual for the Examination and Processing of Human Semen","author":"WHO","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2664.2006.01264.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-013-1941-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3800(00)00308-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","first-page":"203","article-title":"A review on anti\u2010fertility effects of levonorgestrel and quinestrol (EP\u20101) compounds and its components on small rodents","volume":"35","author":"Zhang Z","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Theriological Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","first-page":"269","article-title":"Effect of a contraceptive compound on reproduction of greater longtailed hamsters (Tscherskia triton) in experimental enclosures","volume":"25","author":"Zhang Z","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Theriologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-4877.2007.00059.x"}],"container-title":["Integrative Zoology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12563","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12563","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12563","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,20]],"date-time":"2023-08-20T04:08:30Z","timestamp":1692504510000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12563"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1749-4877.12563"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1749-4877.12563","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1749-4877","1749-4877"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1749-4877","type":"print"},{"value":"1749-4877","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2021-06-12","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}