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Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fecal samples or cloacal swabs are preferred over lethal dissections to study vertebrate gut microbiota for ethical reasons, but it remains unclear which nonlethal methods provide more accurate information about gut microbiota. We compared the bacterial communities of three gastrointestinal tract (GIT) segments, that is, stomach, small intestine (midgut), and rectum (hindgut) with the bacterial communities of the cloaca and feces in the mesquite lizard <jats:italic>Sceloporus grammicus<\/jats:italic>. The hindgut had the highest taxonomic and functional alpha diversity, followed by midgut and feces, whereas the stomach and cloaca showed the lowest diversities. The taxonomic assemblages of the GIT segments at the phylum level were strongly correlated with those retrieved from feces and cloacal swabs (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>s<\/jats:sub> &gt; 0.84 in all cases). The turnover ratio of Amplicon Sequence Variants (ASVs) between midgut and hindgut and the feces was lower than the ratio between these segments and the cloaca. More than half of the core\u2010ASVs in the midgut (24 of 32) and hindgut (58 of 97) were also found in feces, while less than 5 were found in the cloaca. At the ASVs level, however, the structure of the bacterial communities of the midgut and hindgut were similar to those detected in feces and cloaca. Our findings suggest that fecal samples and cloacal swabs of spiny lizards provide a good approximation of the taxonomic assemblages and beta diversity of midgut and hindgut microbiota, while feces better represent the bacterial communities of the intestinal segments at a single nucleotide variation level than cloacal swabs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12711","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T16:04:46Z","timestamp":1678205086000},"page":"1056-1071","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Comparative analysis of two nonlethal methods for the study of the gut bacterial communities in wild lizards"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"18","author":[{"given":"Mauricio","family":"HERN\u00c1NDEZ","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Doctorado en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas, Centro de Tlaxcala de Biolog\u00eda de la Conducta Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala  Tlaxcala Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergio","family":"ANCONA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Ecolog\u00eda Evolutiva Instituto de Ecolog\u00eda Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico  Mexico City Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephanie","family":"HEREIRA\u2010PACHECO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Estaci\u00f3n Cient\u00edfica la Malinche, Centro de Tlaxcala de Biolog\u00eda de la Conducta Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala  Tlaxcala Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"An\u00edbal H.","family":"D\u00cdAZ DE LA VEGA\u2010P\u00c9REZ","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda\u2014Centro Tlaxcala de Biolog\u00eda de la Conducta Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala  Tlaxcala Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yendi E.","family":"NAVARRO\u2010NOYA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Interacciones Bi\u00f3ticas, Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n en Ciencias Biol\u00f3gicas Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Tlaxcala  Tlaxcala Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tree.2016.06.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"AlberdiA GilbertMTP(2019).Hilldiv: An R package for the integral analysis of diversity based on Hill numbers.BioRxiv https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1101\/545665.","DOI":"10.1101\/545665"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01866-13"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2015.10.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-019-0209-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10081349"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13573"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.3869"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/13-0133.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0128793"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mec.13730"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/cjz-2018-0263"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-72-169327-X\/50016-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3552"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/iob\/oby009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0067019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4161\/gmic.19897"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.570890"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg3982"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02224"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rsos.191609"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jav.01788"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"HammersonGA Vazquez\u2010D\u00edazJ Quintero\u2010D\u00edazGE(2007).Sceloporus grammicus. 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