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Elsewhere, ecologically based rodent management (EBRM) strategies have been developed using ecological information to inform decisions on where and when to target control. EBRM could deliver improved health and well\u2010being outcomes in Madagascar if adapted to the local ecological context. Using data collected from removal studies, we explored spatio\u2010temporal patterns in the breeding activity of the black rat (<jats:italic>R. rattus<\/jats:italic>) in domestic and agricultural habitats across Madagascar and investigated to what extent these trends are influenced by rainfall and rat density. We identified clear spatio\u2010temporal variation in the seasonality of <jats:italic>R. rattus<\/jats:italic> reproduction. Reproduction was highly seasonal both inside and outside of houses, but seasonal trends varied between these two habitats. Seasonal trends were explained, in part, by variation in rainfall; however, the effect of rainfall on reproductive rates did itself vary by season and habitat type. A decline in breeding intensity with increasing rat density was recorded outside of houses. This has important implications for control, as populations may compensate for removal through increased reproduction. We recommend that sustained control initiated before the main breeding season, combined with improved hygiene and adequate rodent\u2010proofing in homes and grain stores, could curtail population growth and reduce pre\u2010 and post\u2010harvest losses provided that these measures overcome the compensatory response of rodent populations.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12750","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]],"date-time":"2023-07-11T09:41:00Z","timestamp":1689068460000},"page":"66-86","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Reproductive ecology of the black rat (<i>Rattus rattus<\/i>) in Madagascar: the influence of density\u2010dependent and \u2010independent effects"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Kathryn","family":"SCOBIE","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soanandrasana","family":"RAHELINIRINA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Voahangy","family":"SOARIMALALA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association Vahatra  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fehivola Mandanirina","family":"ANDRIAMIARIMANANA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Corinne","family":"RAHAINGOSOAMAMITIANA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Toky","family":"RANDRIAMORIA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association Vahatra  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Soloandry","family":"RAHAJANDRAIBE","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xavier","family":"LAMBIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minoarisoa","family":"RAJERISON","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Plague Unit, Institut Pasteur de Madagascar  Antananarivo Madagascar"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"TELFER","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Biological Sciences University of Aberdeen Aberdeen UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1890\/0012-9658(1998)079[0242:IORAOP]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10144-008-0123-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.2008.01889.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pntd.0002382"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Rodent Outbreaks: Ecology and Impacts","author":"Aplin K","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1937-2817.2010.tb01236.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","unstructured":"BartonK(2020).MuMIn: Multi\u2010model inference. 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