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In this study, we examined the antifertility effects of EP\u20101 baits containing quinestrol (E) and levonorgestrel (P) using a dose of 50 ppm E and P at three different ratios (E:P ratio = 1:2, 1:1, and 2:1) on Pacific rats (<jats:italic>Rattus exulans<\/jats:italic>) in the Xisha Islands, Hainan, China. Compared to the control group, all animals in EP\u20101 treatment groups showed significantly decreased food intake and body weight. In treated males, there were obvious abnormalities in testis structure and a significant decrease of relative seminal vesicle weight, but no significant effect on relative uterine and ovarian weights (g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body weight), or ovarian structure in females. Adding 8% sucrose to the original 50\u2010ppm baits (E:P ratio = 1:1) significantly increased bait palatability for males and females. This dose induced uterine edema and abnormalities of ovarian structure in females but had no significant negative effect on the relative testis, epididymis, and seminal vesicle weights (g\u00a0kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> body weight) or sperm density in males. In summary, 50\u2010ppm EP\u20101 (1:1) baits have the potential to disrupt the fertility of females, and 8% sucrose addition to the EP\u20101 baits (E:P ratio = 1:1) could improve bait palatability. This dose disrupted the testis structure in males. Future studies are needed to improve bait acceptance and assess the antifertility effects of EP\u20101 (1:1) on Pacific rats in captive breeding trials and under field conditions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,27]],"date-time":"2023-10-27T02:45:43Z","timestamp":1698374743000},"page":"127-142","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antifertility effects of EP\u20101 (quinestrol and levonorgestrel) on Pacific rats (<i>Rattus exulans<\/i>)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"Jing","family":"LIU","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal University  Haikou Hainan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Feiyun","family":"TU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal University  Haikou Hainan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ming","family":"LIU","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Secretariat Office, International Society of Zoological Science and Society and Journal Office, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jichao","family":"WANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ministry of Education Key Laboratory for Ecology of Tropical Islands, Key Laboratory of Tropical Animal and Plant Ecology of Hainan Province, College of Life Sciences Hainan Normal University  Haikou Hainan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhibin","family":"ZHANG","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Integrated Management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"},{"name":"CAS Center for Excellence in Biotic Interactions University of Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg037"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40738-020-00074-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ece3.8546"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2017.06.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/humupd\/dmp032"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/mam.12019"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2009.0235"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jeu.12821"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12568"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","first-page":"233","article-title":"Pharmacological brief of oral long\u2010acting contraceptive compound ethinylestradiol","volume":"9","author":"Department of Pharmacology SFMC","year":"1978","journal-title":"New Medicine"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0899-9007(97)85084-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN19810101"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","first-page":"352","article-title":"Effects of the contraceptive compound EP\u20101 on population growth of dominant desert rodents in Inner Mongolia","volume":"33","author":"Han YJ","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Theriologica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105802"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0212128"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-16009-2_1"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ps.4292"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_19_1","first-page":"321","article-title":"Effect of levonorgestrol\u2010quinestrol on fertility of female Mongolia gerbils, Meriones unguiculats","volume":"34","author":"Huo XF","year":"2007","journal-title":"Acta Phytophylacica Sinica"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12580"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12588"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1521179113"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12642"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_24_1","unstructured":"KniplingEF McGuireJU(1972).Potential role of sterilization for suppressing rat population. 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