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One reason for this incomplete picture is the frequent omission of environmental conditions in studies analyzing host\u2013parasite dynamics, which may influence the exposure to or effects of parasitism. To contribute to elucidating the largely unresolved question of how environmental conditions are related to the prevalence and intensity of infestation and their impact on hosts, we took advantage of 25 years of monitoring of a breeding population of pied flycatchers, <jats:italic>Ficedula hypoleuca<\/jats:italic>, in a Mediterranean area of central Spain. We investigated the influence of temperature and precipitation during the nestling stage at a local scale on the intensity of blowfly (<jats:italic>Protocalliphora azurea<\/jats:italic>) parasitism during the nestling stage. In addition, we explored the mediating effect of extrinsic and intrinsic factors and blowfly parasitism on breeding success (production of fledglings) and offspring quality (nestling mass on day 13). The prevalence and intensity of blowfly parasitism were associated with different intrinsic (host breeding date, brood size) and extrinsic (breeding habitat, mean temperature) factors. Specifically, higher average temperatures during the nestling phase were associated with lower intensities of parasitism, which may be explained by changes in blowflies\u2019 activity or larval developmental success. In contrast, no relationship was found between the prevalence of parasitism and any of the environmental variables evaluated. Hosts that experienced high parasitism intensities in their broods produced more fledglings as temperature increased, suggesting that physiological responses to severe parasitism during nestling development might be enhanced in warmer conditions. The weight of fledglings was, however, unrelated to the interactive effect of parasitism intensity and environmental conditions. Overall, our results highlight the temperature dependence of parasite\u2013host interactions and the importance of considering multiple fitness indicators and climate\u2010mediated effects to understand their complex implications for avian fitness and population dynamics.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12864","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,9]],"date-time":"2024-07-09T06:37:03Z","timestamp":1720507023000},"page":"256-273","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Environmental conditions influence host\u2013parasite interactions and host fitness in a migratory passerine"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Enrique","family":"GONZ\u00c1LEZ\u2010BERNARDO","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences University of Granada  Granada Spain"},{"name":"University of Oviedo  Oviedo Asturias Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregorio","family":"MORENO\u2010RUEDA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences University of Granada  Granada Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Carlos","family":"CAMACHO","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana (EBD\u2010CSIC)  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jes\u00fas","family":"MART\u00cdNEZ\u2010PADILLA","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Conservation and Ecosystem Restoration Pyrenean Institute of Ecology (IPE\u2010CSIC)  Jaca Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jaime","family":"POTTI","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ecology and Evolution Estaci\u00f3n Biol\u00f3gica de Do\u00f1ana (EBD\u2010CSIC)  Seville Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"David","family":"CANAL","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Evolutionary Ecology National Museum of Natural Sciences (MNCN\u2010CSIC)  Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","first-page":"267","volume-title":"Second International Symposium on Information Theory","author":"Akaike H","year":"1973"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-023-05343-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/z97-162"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2021.1230"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7998.2010.00753.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442-005-0120-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/4086769"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Parasitic Diseases of Wild Birds","author":"Atkinson CT","year":"2009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oso\/9780198577386.003.0002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"BartonK(2020).MuMIn: multi\u2010model inference. 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