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We tested how gecko locomotion is affected by the microhabitat they occupy and by a key adaptation\u2014adhesive toepads\u2014through analyzing how those are related to limb morphology. We collected microhabitat and toepads data for over 90% of limbed gecko species, and limb measurements for 403 species from 83 of the 121 limbed gecko genera, which we then used in phylogenetic comparative analyses. Our data highlight the association of adhesive toepads with arboreality, but a phylogenetic analysis shows that this relationship is not significant, suggesting that these traits are phylogenetically constrained. Comparative analyses reveal that pad\u2010bearing species possess shorter hindlimbs and feet, more even limb lengths, and lower crus: thigh ratios, than padless geckos, across microhabitats. Saxicolous geckos have the longest limbs and limb segments. This is probably influenced by selection for long strides, increased takeoff velocity, and static stability on inclined surfaces. Terrestrial geckos have more even hind\u2010 and forelimbs than arboreal geckos, unlike patterns found in other lizards. Our findings underline the difficulty to infer on microhabitat\u2013morphology relationships from one taxon to another, given their differing ecologies and evolutionary pathways. We emphasize the importance of key innovation traits, such as adhesive toepads, in shaping limb morphology in geckos and, accordingly, their locomotion within their immediate environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12880","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,8,1]],"date-time":"2024-08-01T05:55:56Z","timestamp":1722491756000},"page":"634-650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Microhabitat and adhesive toepads shape gecko limb morphology"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6210-6976","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"ZIMIN","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Zoology Tel Aviv University  Tel Aviv Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sean V.","family":"ZIMIN","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life Sciences Ben\u2010Gurion University of the Negev  Beer Sheva Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L. 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