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Here, we reveal a significant divergence in reproductive seasonality and environmental responses between two brown rat subspecies: one subspecies, <jats:italic>R. n. caraco<\/jats:italic>, lives in the temperate zone, and another subspecies, <jats:italic>R. n. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>, lives in the subtropical region. Although <jats:italic>R. n. caraco<\/jats:italic> displayed a significantly higher reproductive seasonality than <jats:italic>R. n. norvegicus<\/jats:italic>, both subspecies adapted to sub\u2010optimal breeding conditions mainly by regulating the seminal vesicle rather than testis development. Especially in responding to severe winter conditions in high\u2010latitude regions, bodyweight\u2010dependent recovery of testicular development in adults enables <jats:italic>R. n. caraco<\/jats:italic> to initiate reproduction more rapidly when conditions are suited. These findings elucidate a regulatory process of how brown rats live as opportunistic breeders by benefiting from enhanced semen production.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.12913","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,10,21]],"date-time":"2024-10-21T23:42:28Z","timestamp":1729554148000},"page":"817-835","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Adaptive divergence in reproductive seasonality and underlying physiological features fit <i>Rattus norvegicus<\/i> to live as opportunistic breeders"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"Xixuan","family":"LI","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences  Beijing 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