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Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Myrmecophagy is one of the most common types of dietary specialization among predators. It can include exploitation of ants, termites, or both. Although ants and termites share a few traits, they are distantly related and possess different defensive mechanisms. Therefore, adaptations to ants and termites should differ, especially in arthropod predators of similar body size as their prey. We investigate offensive and defensive adaptations in Zodariidae spider genus\n                    <jats:italic>Diores<\/jats:italic>\n                    , reported to feed on termites. The ancestral state reconstruction of the diet favored termitophagy for the genus, but metabarcoding analyses revealed that only one of the four studied\n                    <jats:italic>Diores<\/jats:italic>\n                    species fed exclusively on termites. The remaining three species captured both ants and termites. Interestingly, the laboratory observations of a single species,\n                    <jats:italic>Diores poweri<\/jats:italic>\n                    , revealed a similar attack\u2010and\u2010retreat strategy to catch both termites and ants. Three ant species and one termite were successfully captured with a similar frequency, but the capture of\n                    <jats:italic>Hodotermes<\/jats:italic>\n                    termites was more efficient. The paralysis of\n                    <jats:italic>Hodotermes<\/jats:italic>\n                    by\n                    <jats:italic>D. poweri<\/jats:italic>\n                    was approximately 20 times faster than by an ant\u2010eating spider\n                    <jats:italic>Zodarion nitidum<\/jats:italic>\n                    , which correspond to venom composition differences between the species. The habitus of\n                    <jats:italic>D. poweri<\/jats:italic>\n                    resembles the size, shape, movement, and the coloration of its predominant prey,\n                    <jats:italic>Camponotus maculatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ants, suggesting Batesian mimicry. However, the modeling of the visual discrimination of coloration by potential lizard and bird predators revealed that\n                    <jats:italic>Diores<\/jats:italic>\n                    might be distinguished from\n                    <jats:italic>Camponotus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Our results suggest that\n                    <jats:italic>Diores<\/jats:italic>\n                    spiders are specialized myrmeco\u2010termitophagous predators, possessing effective adaptations and exploiting ants for defense.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.13021","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]],"date-time":"2025-07-21T13:39:31Z","timestamp":1753105171000},"page":"774-787","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Offensive and Defensive Exploitation of Ants by Termitophagous Spiders (Araneae: Zodariidae)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0197-5040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stano","family":"Pek\u00e1r","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Domagoj","family":"Gajski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Botany and Zoology, Faculty of Sciences Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Forest Ecology Landscape Research Institute  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ondrej","family":"\u0160edo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Central European Institute of Technology Masaryk University  Brno Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"V\u011bra","family":"Opatov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Korba","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology, Faculty of Sciences Charles University  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Charles","family":"Haddad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Zoology and Entomology University of the Free State  Nelson Mandela Drive, Bloemfontein South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1442-9993.1997.tb00637.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Notes on the Habits of the Spider Cryptothele sundaica, Thorell","volume":"3","author":"Abraham H. 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