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Here, we used microCT to compare the central nervous system and brain volumes between social and solitary females of the species in two taxonomic groups, huntsman and crab spiders. Overall, we found no difference in relative CNS and brain volume between social and solitary species. However, social huntsman spiders <jats:italic>Delena cancerides<\/jats:italic> had larger arcuate and mushroom bodies than the solitary huntsman species <jats:italic>Isopeda villosa<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Heteropoda jugulans<\/jats:italic>. Social crab spiders <jats:italic>Xysticus bimaculatus<\/jats:italic> had larger visual neuropils than the solitary species <jats:italic>Thomisus spectabilis<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Tharrhalea evanida<\/jats:italic>. Social huntsman spiders exhibit intricate social behavior, including prey sharing and kin recognition, which could explain the higher investment in brain structures that are related to cognitive integration. They also had smaller venom glands, possibly due to their prey\u2010sharing behavior. In social crab spiders, the low\u2010light leafnest may have driven enlarged visual neuropils. Some variations in specific brain regions between solitary and social species were consistent with the social brain hypothesis, but the patterns differed between lineages. Thus, it is likely that other ecological drivers affect the development of specific brain regions in spiders. Our study provides the essential knowledge platform to conduct experimental manipulations of social and environmental conditions on these spiders to directly test their impact on brain structures, coupled with tests of relevant behavior.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.13033","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,25]],"date-time":"2025-08-25T04:20:01Z","timestamp":1756095601000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Volumetric Comparison of Overall Brain and Neuropil Size Between Social and Non\u2010social Spiders: Exploring the Social Brain Hypothesis"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-7403-347X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Penna\u2010Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald James","family":"Mclean","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nikolas J.","family":"Willmott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of BioSciences University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael B. J.","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Zoological Institute and Museum University of Greifswald  Greifswald Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jay R.","family":"Black","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Geography, Earth and Atmospheric Sciences University of Melbourne  Parkville Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Elizabeth C.","family":"Lowe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"School of Science Edith Cowan University  Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Marie E.","family":"Herberstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Natural Sciences Macquarie University  Sydney New South Wales Australia"},{"name":"Leibniz Institute for the Analysis of Biodiversity Change  Bonn Germany"},{"name":"Institute f\u00fcr Cell\u2010 und Systems Biology of Animals University of Hamburg  Hamburg Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014\u20103820.2006.tb01869.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ympev.2013.06.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1086\/204350"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cne.24748"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511721953.024"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2005.3308"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/9781107338319.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00312185"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/CBO9780511525636.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469\u20107998.2006.00223.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2020.10.060"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0014\u20103820.2003.tb00285.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2007.06.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Busby M. 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