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Zool."],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Avian haemosporidian infections have been associated with disease outbreaks in zoos and rehabilitation centers globally. This study aimed to determine the occurrence and genetic diversity of avian haemosporidian parasites in captive birds at the National Zoological Garden in South Africa. One hundred and eighty\u2010three blood samples from five orders and 15 species of captive flamingos, vultures, owls, ibises and parrots were analyzed for haemosporidia by nested polymerase chain reaction assays. The samples were collected as part of the zoo's studbook and archived at South African National Biodiversity Institute's Wildlife Biobank. The overall infection rate was 36.1%, and infections by\n                    <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (33.3%) were significantly higher than\n                    <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (14.8%) (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &lt; 0.001). Twenty\u2010one samples (11.5%) had mixed\n                    <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. The Spotted Eagle Owl\n                    <jats:italic>(Bubo africanus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) and Barn Owl (\n                    <jats:italic>Tyto alba<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) had the highest infection rates. Twenty\u2010six sequences, similar to published sequences of\n                    <jats:italic>Leucocytozoon<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (lineages lCHRKLA02, lCIAE02, and lBUVIR02) and\n                    <jats:italic>Haemoproteus<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (lineage hTYTAL6) were obtained. Two new lineages (lBUBCAP01 and hBOSHAG02) are described in this study. This is the first molecular survey of haemosporidian parasites in captive birds of the orders Accipitriformes, Pelecaniformes, Psittaciformes, Phoenicopteriformes, and Strigiformes in South Africa. This study provides new geographical and host records of known and novel haemosporidian lineages. It highlights the need for intensive surveys of these parasites in populations of captive and free\u2010ranging birds in South Africa, regular monitoring of infections, updated screening methods, and insect control in the zoo's animal collection to avoid disease outbreaks.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70011","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]],"date-time":"2025-10-29T18:38:12Z","timestamp":1761763092000},"page":"203-213","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Prevalence and Genetic Diversity of\n                    <i>Haemoproteus<\/i>\n                    and\n                    <i>Leucocytozoon<\/i>\n                    in Raptors and Other Captive Birds at the National Zoological Garden in South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"Realeboga Masego","family":"Gaorekwe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundational Biodiversity Science South African National Biodiversity Institute  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health University of South Africa  Roodepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronica","family":"Phetla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundational Biodiversity Science South African National Biodiversity Institute  Pretoria South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dikeledi Petunia","family":"Malatji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agriculture and Animal Health University of South Africa  Roodepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2365-1039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mamohale","family":"Chaisi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Foundational Biodiversity Science South African National Biodiversity Institute  Pretoria South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Veterinary Tropical Diseases University of Pretoria  Onderstepoort South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00480169.2008.36842"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2021.03.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3133\/fs20053151"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpara.2008.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-294X.2004.02363.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1755-0998.2009.02692.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exppara.2016.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17159\/sajs.2017\/20160244"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-017-1729-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijppaw.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph18052431"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14411\/fp.2016.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436-018-6153-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-313X.2006.02842.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1603\/ME10197"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105364"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1638\/1042-7260(2007)038[0309:FHIIMA]2.0.CO;2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1647\/2018-353"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"401","article-title":"Avian Malaria Seroprevalence in Wild New Zealand Penguins","volume":"2","author":"Graczyk T. 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