{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:56:29Z","timestamp":1790816189215,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1778284800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integr. Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The intestinal microbiome is fundamental to host physiological homeostasis, while deviations from its balanced state have been linked to inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). To address the limitations of conventional antibiotic therapies, this study explored snake gut microbiota as a novel source of anti\u2010inflammatory probiotics. We explored the gut microbiota of five snake species (\n                    <jats:italic>Deinagkistrodon acutus, Trimerodytes annularis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Trimerodytes percarinatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lycodon rufozonatus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Trimeresurus stejnegeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) through metagenomic sequencing. Community composition analysis revealed that the phylum\u2010level composition was mainly Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Actinomycetota, and Firmicutes. We further detected some potential probiotic species, such as\n                    <jats:italic>Enterococcus<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus<\/jats:italic>\n                    . From 196 isolated strains,\n                    <jats:italic>Lactobacillus johnsonii<\/jats:italic>\n                    DA0116 and\n                    <jats:italic>Limosilactobacillus reuteri<\/jats:italic>\n                    DA0218 were selected through rigorous safety and functional assessments, including acid\/bile tolerance, pathogen inhibition, and adhesion capacity. In a DSS\u2010induced murine colitis model, both strains significantly reduced disease activity index (DAI), pro\u2010inflammatory cytokines (TNF\u2010\u03b1, IL\u20106, and IL\u20108), and restored gut microbiota diversity. Additionally, whole\u2010genome analysis identified bacteriocin synthesis clusters (gassericin\u2010S\/T) and carbohydrate metabolism genes, explaining their antimicrobial and immunomodulatory properties. This study not only emphasizes the untapped latent value of reptilian gut microbiota for probiotic discovery but also provides two candidate strains with therapeutic promise for IBD and functional food applications.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,9]],"date-time":"2026-05-09T13:09:53Z","timestamp":1778332193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Snake Gut Microbiota as a Source of Anti\u2010Inflammatory Probiotics: Isolation and Functional Characterization of Two Novel Strains"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Xuena","family":"Kang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"The Conservation of Endangered Wildlife Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, College of Life Sciences Sichuan University  Chengdu Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Emergency Mediciner West China Hospital, Sichuan University\/West China School of Nursing Sichuan University  Chengdu China"},{"name":"Institute of Disaster Medicine Sichuan University  Sichuan China"},{"name":"Nursing Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province  Sichuan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiarong","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chinese People's Liberation Army General Hospital  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhenjie","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory of Bioresources and Ecoenvironment (Ministry of Education), College of Life Sciences Sichuan University  Chengdu 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