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Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Sexual size dimorphism (SSD) is widespread in bats, yet its magnitude, direction, and underlying mechanisms vary substantially among species and remain incompletely understood. The hairy\u2010winged bat (\n                    <jats:italic>Harpiocephalus harpia<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) represents a particularly informative case, as pronounced female\u2010biased SSD has historically led to taxonomic confusion, underscoring its value for exploring the mechanisms driving SSD at the species level. Here, we quantified intersexual morphological differences underlying female\u2010biased SSD in 80\n                    <jats:italic>H. harpia<\/jats:italic>\n                    individuals (41\n                    <jats:italic>\u2642<\/jats:italic>\n                    , 39\u2640) sampled across China. After excluding potential geographic effects, females exhibited both absolute and relative size advantages over males in multiple craniodental characteristics, whereas sexual differences in wing elements were detected only in absolute terms. Craniodental differentiation and sex\u2010specific allometric patterns in skull morphology, particularly in regions associated with bite force and mastication, suggest that females potentially exploit larger and\/or harder prey during energetically demanding reproductive stages. In contrast, wing morphology in\n                    <jats:italic>H. harpia<\/jats:italic>\n                    exhibited little evidence of sex\u2010specific allometric growth or shape differentiation, and female wing dimensions appeared sufficient to accommodate pregnancy\u2010related mass gain without additional compensatory enlargement. Moreover, the absence of sex\u2010biased reduction in body\u2010size variance provides limited support for intrasexual resource competition. Collectively, our findings indicate that SSD in\n                    <jats:italic>H. harpia<\/jats:italic>\n                    is best explained by niche divergence, with the \u201cBig Mother\u201d and \u201cResource Competition\u201d hypotheses playing secondary roles.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]],"date-time":"2026-06-16T11:03:03Z","timestamp":1781607783000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Female\u2010Biased Sexual Size Dimorphism and Its Potential Causes in Hairy\u2010Winged Bats"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Yang","family":"Yue","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zefeng","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yang","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaqing","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yibo","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CAS Key Laboratory of Animal Ecology and Conservation Biology, Institute of Zoology Chinese Academy of Sciences  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyun","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"South China Biodiversity Research Center, School of Life Sciences Guangzhou University  Guangzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2435.2003.00721.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.32800\/abc.2020.43.0027","article-title":"A Difference Between Sexes: Temporal Variation in the Diet of Carollia perspicillata (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) at the Macaregua Cave, Santander (Colombia)","volume":"43","author":"Alviz \u00c1.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animal Biodiversity and Conservation"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/9780691207278"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1936213"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026036"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1439-0310.2005.01147.x","article-title":"Behavioral Causes and Consequences of Sexual Size Dimorphism","volume":"111","author":"Blankenhorn W. 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