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Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Whether non\u2010human animals can perceive and respond to inequitable resource distribution has become a prominent topic in behavioral and cognitive sciences. Fish possess notable cognitive capacities and display physiological and behavioral indicators of \u201cemotion\u2010like states\u201d under stress, pain, or adverse conditions. However, it remains unclear whether fish can perceive inequitable resource allocation and exhibit emotion\u2010related physiological and behavioral responses. Here, we investigated this question in a group\u2010living cichlid,\n                    <jats:italic>Chindongo demasoni<\/jats:italic>\n                    , by manipulating the feeding order to create inequity in food acquisition order (priority\u2010fed vs. delayed\u2010fed). We examined whether this manipulation could elicit emotion\u2010like states and whether these states were associated with variation in growth, hormone levels (dopamine and cortisol), metabolism (standard and routine metabolic rates), personality traits (activity, sociability, and aggression), and anxiety\u2010like behaviors, ultimately influencing social hierarchy. Relative to delayed\u2010fed individuals, priority\u2010fed individuals consumed more food and exhibited a higher condition factor, and showed lower whole\u2010body cortisol levels. However, no significant differences were detected between the two groups in personality traits, anxiety\u2010like behaviors, metabolic rates, dopamine levels, or social rank. These findings suggest that Demasoni cichlids may perceive inequity in food distribution, with differences in food intake and cortisol levels consistent with emotion\u2010like states. However, because cortisol levels and feeding\/nutritional state can influence each other, the extent to which these differences reflect emotional processes versus nutritional effects remains unclear. This study provides new evidence for understanding whether and how non\u2010human animals perceive social inequity and highlights the importance of minimizing persistent feeding\u2010order differences in laboratory and aquaculture welfare management.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]],"date-time":"2026-09-03T12:51:25Z","timestamp":1788439885000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Can Food Acquisition Priority Alter Emotion, Physiological Responses, and Social Rank in Fish?"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Dongxing","family":"Tan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission Chongqing Normal University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission Chongqing Normal University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7665-9037","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shijian","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission Chongqing Normal University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Evolutionary Physiology and Behavior, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Conservation and Utilization of Freshwater Fishes, Animal Biology Key Laboratory of Chongqing Education Commission Chongqing Normal University  Chongqing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.04.003","article-title":"Dominance Hierarchies and Social Status Ascent Opportunity: Anticipatory Behavioral and Physiological Adjustments in a Neotropical Cichlid Fish","volume":"106","author":"Alonso F.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Physiology & Behavior"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1111\/eth.13164","article-title":"A Behavioral Logic Underlying Aggression in an African Cichlid Fish","volume":"127","author":"Alward B. 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