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Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Botanical pesticide mixtures offer a sustainable strategy to enhance insecticidal activity and mitigate resistance. The leaf beetle\n                    <jats:italic>Plagiodera versicolora<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a destructive defoliator in forests and urban ecosystems, poses a growing management challenge. This study investigates the individual toxicity, synergistic effects, and underlying molecular mechanisms of two representative botanical agents, matrine and tea saponin, against\n                    <jats:italic>P. versicolora<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Bioassays revealed strong individual toxicity, with 6\u2010day LC\n                    <jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\n                    values of 1.948 \u00b5g\/L for matrine and 5.589\u00a0mg\/L for tea saponin. Notably, their binary mixture exhibited synergism (AI = 0.27), reducing the lethal concentrations required compared to individual treatments. Transcriptomic analysis revealed that this synergy was associated with coordinated suppression of key metabolic processes. Genes downregulated under combined exposure were enriched in detoxification\u2010related genes (\n                    <jats:italic>GST<\/jats:italic>\n                    s and\n                    <jats:italic>CYP450<\/jats:italic>\n                    s) and genes encoding digestive enzymes, including trypsins, chitinases, and lipases, suggesting impaired detoxification and digestive capacity. RNA interference further showed that silencing the trypsin\u2010encoding gene\n                    <jats:italic>Pver105950<\/jats:italic>\n                    or the chitinase\u2010encoding gene\n                    <jats:italic>Pver001190<\/jats:italic>\n                    significantly increased susceptibility to tea saponin or matrine, respectively, with\n                    <jats:italic>Pver001190<\/jats:italic>\n                    knockdown producing survival comparable to that under the combined treatment. In conclusion, the synergistic toxicity of matrine and tea saponin is associated with impaired larval digestion and putative gut barrier dysfunction, together with transcriptional suppression of detoxification pathways in\n                    <jats:italic>P. versicolora<\/jats:italic>\n                    . The identification of\n                    <jats:italic>Pver105950<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pver001190<\/jats:italic>\n                    as critical molecular targets provides a theoretical foundation for developing high\u2010efficiency botanical formulations for the environmentally friendly control of this pest.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70203","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T10:23:41Z","timestamp":1788949421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Matrine\u2013Tea Saponin Synergism Involves Suppressed Detoxification and Digestion in a Leaf Beetle"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Owais","family":"Khan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiayu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanping","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) Arachnid Resources Centre of Hubei School of Life Sciences Hubei University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Runhua","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry University of Manitoba  Winnipeg Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"},{"name":"Centre for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) Arachnid Resources Centre of Hubei School of Life Sciences Hubei University Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1023\/A:1005445217004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics13080681"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2023\/5546373"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"The Biology and Damage of Plagiodera versicolora (Laich.) 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