{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T12:09:57Z","timestamp":1790251797225,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790208000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integr. Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Individual vocal signatures are widespread across animal taxa, yet the processes underlying their emergence remain poorly understood. Vocal individuality may arise incidentally from morphological variation or be shaped by social environments in which reliable recognition reduces interaction costs. Here, we investigated these non\u2010exclusive alternatives in the Emerald\u2010spotted Wood Dove (\n                    <jats:italic>Turtur chalcospilos<\/jats:italic>\n                    ), a territorial, non\u2010learning bird inhabiting African savanna woodlands. We quantified vocal individuality across multiple song units and tested whether acoustic variation covaried with male morphology (body size and bill dimensions) and spatial factors, including geographic distance and number of neighbors, reflecting the intensity of territorial interactions. If social pressures enhance recognition efficiency, we predicted greater acoustic dissimilarity among close neighbors and in denser neighborhoods, together with greater within\u2010individual vocal consistency. Although songs were highly individually distinctive, morphological traits explained only a small portion of the acoustic variation, indicating that individual signatures cannot be reduced to simple biomechanical constraints. Contrary to our prediction, acoustic dissimilarity increased with geographic distance, and nearby males were more acoustically similar. Spatial effects on individual vocal consistency were weaker, although males with closer neighbors tended to show lower within\u2010individual variation. Local male density showed no consistent effect on either pattern. These results suggest that vocal individuality in this non\u2010learning species is more associated with spatial relationships among territorial males than with morphometric traits or competitor density. By disentangling morphometric and spatial influences, this study refines our understanding of how individual identity signals can emerge and persist in territorial systems without vocal learning or complex social structure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T11:52:20Z","timestamp":1790250740000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Effect of Morphology and Spatial Distribution of Males on Vocal Identity in a Non\u2010Learning African Wood Dove"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5073-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lia","family":"Zampa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Szyma\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"\u0141osak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tomasz Stanis\u0142aw","family":"Osiejuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Behavioural Ecology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology Adam Mickiewicz University  Pozna\u0144 Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beproc.2025.105237"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"595","DOI":"10.1163\/156853997X00548","article-title":"Vocal Development and Its Differentiation in a Non\u2010Songbird: The Collared Dove (Streptopelia decaocto)","volume":"134","author":"Ballintijn M. 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