{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T17:00:31Z","timestamp":1791219631538,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"Wiley","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791158400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Integr. Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Urbanization is a major driver of biodiversity loss by transforming ecosystems and imposing novel selective pressures that reshape not only species but also their interspecific interactions. In urban environments, predation pressure is often altered, leading to shifts in antipredator strategies, and parasitism varies with changes in environmental quality and the introduction of novel hosts or vectors. Understanding how these processes are modified by urbanization is particularly urgent for amphibians, the most threatened group of vertebrates, as urban\u2010driven changes may have profound consequences for fitness and population persistence. To explore these processes with an integrative perspective, we evaluated the effects of the anthropogenic footprint on the species\n                    <jats:italic>Pelophylax perezi<\/jats:italic>\n                    across six locations in central Spain with varying degrees of urbanization. We analyzed traits related to predator\u2013prey and parasite\u2013host interactions linked to survival and performance in altered habitats. Contrary to expectations, urban frogs had longer tibiofibulae and greater flight initiation distances, suggesting distinct selective pressures on antipredator responses in human\u2010modified landscapes. Submersion time was unrelated to urbanization and body condition did not vary significantly, although it was greater in urban areas. Blood parasite diversity and abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Lankesterella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , a genus of blood coccidian, increased with anthropogenic footprint. Moreover, urban frogs with worse body condition had higher loads of\n                    <jats:italic>Lankesterella<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Overall, our results show that urbanization modifies the morphology and interspecific interactions of this amphibian species, emphasizing the need to consider traits related to predator\u2013prey and parasite\u2013host interactions when assessing amphibian responses to urbanization and informing conservation strategies in increasingly urbanized landscapes.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70211","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]],"date-time":"2026-10-05T16:49:41Z","timestamp":1791218981000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Urban Environments Impact Parasite Diversity and an Antipredator Response in an Amphibian Model"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Asier","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Gainzarain","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological Sciences Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1038-0468","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodrigo","family":"Meg\u00eda\u2010Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological Sciences Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Alarc\u00f3n\u2010R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CIBIO, Centro de Investiga\u00e7\u00e3o em Biodiversidade e Recursos Gen\u00e9ticos, InBIO Laborat\u00f3rio Associado, Campus de Vair\u00e3o Universidade do Porto, Vair\u00e3o  Portugal"},{"name":"BIOPOLIS Program in Genomics, Biodiversity and Land Planning CIBIO  Campus de Vair\u00e3o, Vair\u00e3o Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gemma","family":"Palomar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Biological Sciences Complutense University of Madrid Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biology Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa Krak\u00f3w Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,5]]},"reference":[{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.3390\/d13060223","article-title":"Ecological Scenarios and Parasite Diversity in Anurans of West Africa: A Review","volume":"13","author":"Aisien M. 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