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Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Understanding how amphibians adapt to terrestrial and arid environments is important for elucidating vertebrate terrestrialization. In this study, we present the first chromosome\u2010level, high\u2010quality genome assembly of\n                    <jats:italic>Strauchbufo raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                    , constructed using PacBio HiFi long\u2010read sequencing and Hi\u2010C scaffolding. The assembled genome is 4.47 Gb in size, with a scaffold N50 of 575 Mb and 94.5% BUSCO completeness, and 99.8% of sequences anchored to 11 chromosomes, providing a valuable genomic resource for amphibian evolutionary and ecological studies. Comparative genomic analyses identified 163 significantly expanded gene families in the\n                    <jats:italic>S. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                    lineage, including transposable\u2010element\u2010associated and immune\u2010related gene families. These expansions suggest lineage\u2010specific genomic contributions to immune and barrier\u2010associated adaptations in xeric environments. To further explore these adaptations, we integrated comparative genomics with transcriptomic data and physiological assays across\n                    <jats:italic>Xenopus tropicalis<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Bufo gargarizans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>S. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Notably, although\n                    <jats:italic>S. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                    lacks the dermal calcified layer present in\n                    <jats:italic>B. gargarizans<\/jats:italic>\n                    , it exhibits comparable water retention and rehydration capacities. Desiccation experiments demonstrated that\n                    <jats:italic>S. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                    dynamically modulates epidermal thickness and mucus secretion under dehydration. Transcriptomic analyses revealed upregulation of keratin (\n                    <jats:italic>KRT<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) genes and activation of pathways related to epidermal integrity and water balance. Phylogenetic analysis of the\n                    <jats:italic>KRT<\/jats:italic>\n                    gene family identified a lineage\u2010specific expansion in bufonid toads, particularly within\n                    <jats:italic>KRT10\u2010<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>KRT14<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2010associated subclades. Together, this study provides a high\u2010quality genomic resource for\n                    <jats:italic>S. raddei<\/jats:italic>\n                    and offers integrative insights into the molecular and physiological basis of amphibian adaptation to arid environments.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70214","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T12:55:58Z","timestamp":1791377758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Chromosome\u2010Level Genome Assembly of\n                    <i>Strauchbufo raddei<\/i>\n                    and Multi\u2010Omic Insights Into Drought Adaptation"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Fanrui","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rui","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengqi","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shengnan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinjing","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuquan","family":"Miao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7880-0206","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wenya","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Gansu Key Laboratory of Biomonitoring and Bioremediation for Environmental Pollution School of Life Sciences Lanzhou University  Lanzhou China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.3390\/jdb11010006","article-title":"The Complex Bridge Between Aquatic and Terrestrial Life: Skin Changes During Development of Amphibians","volume":"11","author":"Akat \u00c7\u00f6mden E.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Journal of Developmental Biology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S1095-6433(02)00004-1","article-title":"Water Content, Body Weight and Acid Mucopolysaccharides, Hyaluronidase and \u03b2\u2010Glucuronidase in Response to Aestivation in Australian Desert Frogs","volume":"131","author":"Bayomy M. 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