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Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The increasing frequency and intensity of heatwaves\u2014extreme thermal events characterized by prolonged supra\u2010optimal temperatures\u2014exert profound impacts on global ecosystem stability and species interactions. While the disruptive effects of thermal stress on host physiology and gut microbiota are well documented, the role of cuticular microbiota in host defense under heatwaves remains poorly characterized. Here, we show that the cuticular microbiota of the willow leaf beetle\n                    <jats:italic>Plagiodera versicolora<\/jats:italic>\n                    may serve as a thermostable protective barrier against the entomopathogenic fungus\n                    <jats:italic>Beauveria bassiana<\/jats:italic>\n                    . Using microbiota\u2010manipulated larval models, we found that cuticular microbiota significantly bolstered host survival under both control (27\u00b0C) and simulated heatwave (32\u00b0C) regimes. High\u2010throughput 16S rRNA sequencing revealed a dramatic microbial regime shift:\n                    <jats:italic>Pantoea<\/jats:italic>\n                    dominated at control temperatures, whereas\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    proliferated and became predominant during simulated heatwaves. Both genera exhibited potent antifungal activity that markedly increased with rising temperature, suggesting a potential functional compensation property whereby thermally adaptive taxa may maintain host defensive capacity under climatic perturbations. Recolonization experiments confirmed that cuticle\u2010isolated\n                    <jats:italic>Enterobacter gergoviae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pantoea anthophila<\/jats:italic>\n                    are sufficient to reduce the increased fungal susceptibility of germ\u2010free larvae. Mechanistically, these symbionts appear to inhibit fungal germination through direct antagonism and modulate host immune responses by upregulating antimicrobial peptide effectors while potentially reducing excessive immune recognition signaling. These findings highlight the resilience of cuticular defensive symbioses in the face of climate change and provide new insights into the adaptive mechanisms that sustain host\u2013microbe\u2013pathogen dynamics in a warming world.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T11:23:07Z","timestamp":1792581787000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Heatwave\u2010Resilient Cuticular Microbiota Protect the Leaf Beetle\n                    <i>Plagiodera versicolora<\/i>\n                    From Fungal Infection"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"given":"Jiyu","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) &amp; Arachnid Resources Centre of Hubei School of Life Sciences Hubei University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chengjie","family":"Tu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) &amp; Arachnid Resources Centre of Hubei School of Life Sciences Hubei University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rongshan","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Behavioral Ecology and Evolution (CBEE) &amp; Arachnid Resources Centre of Hubei School of Life Sciences Hubei University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3270-0365","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Letian","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Science and Technology Hubei Hongshan Laboratory Huazhong Agricultural University  Wuhan China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1186\/s41938-025-00878-9","article-title":"Temperature Extremes Affect the Biocontrol Potential of Beauveria bassiana and Metarhizium anisopliae Against the Egyptian Cotton Leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis (Boisd.) 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