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Zool."],"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\u201cCommunity informant\u201d species serve as critical sources of information. However, interactions between multiple informant species in complex systems remain unclear, including whether they jointly contribute vocalizations and thus public information, eavesdrop on each other, or do not interact, and whether joint contributions provide benefits through complementary or supplementary mechanisms. We elicited mobbing calls using an owl model and alarm calls using a raptor model inside mixed\u2010species flocks (MSFs) in a two\u2010year survey on a 1650\u00a0km latitudinal gradient (18.7\u00b0N\u201333.7\u00b0N) in China, across which bird communities transition from babbler dominance in the south to tits in the north. We also constructed social networks to examine structural patterns along the gradient and assessed the influence of latitude on network metrics and the effect of group composition (Babbler\u2010Tit, Babbler, Tit, None) on vocal responses. Social network metrics peaked in interaction strength (for mobs) and cohesion (for MSFs) at mid\u2010latitudes. Alarm calls were brief and dominated by one babbler and two tit species, whereas mobbing calls were long\u2010lasting and contributed by many species (averaging 4.2 per trial). In small mobbing assemblages (1\u20135 species), Babbler\u2010Tit groups recruited up to 2.4 times more individuals and elicited 2.1 times more calls. Babbler\u2010Tit MSFs also involved up to 1.6 times more vocal species and generated vocalizations with up to 12.2 times broader frequency ranges, which potentially could be detected by more species. Therefore, protecting community informants and complex systems is essential to maintain information networks that underpin ecosystem resilience.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1749-4877.70229","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T16:24:32Z","timestamp":1792599872000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Multiple Community Informants Enhance Public Information About Predators Across a Latitudinal Gradient in Bird Communities of China"],"prefix":"10.1111","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0000-4325-9686","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jiahao","family":"Wu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for One Health and Environmental Sustainability, Academy of Life and Natural Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong\u2010Liverpool University Suzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China"},{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"},{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4614-2357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Shen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2899-8477","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakob","family":"Bro\u2010J\u00f8rgensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Infection, Veterinary and Ecological Sciences, Faculty of Health and Life Sciences University of Liverpool  Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9440-2796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qiang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Guangdong Key Laboratory of Animal Conservation and Resource Utilization, Guangdong Public Laboratory of Wild Animal Conservation and Utilization Institute of Zoology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences  Guangzhou Guangdong People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3403-2847","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eben","family":"Goodale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Excellence for One Health and Environmental Sustainability, Academy of Life and Natural Sciences Xi'an Jiaotong\u2010Liverpool University Suzhou Jiangsu People's Republic of China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2307\/1364703"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anbehav.2015.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fevo.2020.537816"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00442\u2010021\u201005093\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","unstructured":"Barto\u00f1 K.2022. \u201cMuMIn: Multi\u2010Model Inference.\u201d R package version 1.46.0."},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v067.i01"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","volume-title":"Social Predation: How Group Living Benefits Predators and Prey","author":"Beauchamp G.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","volume-title":"Principles of Animal Communication","author":"Bradbury J. 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