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Monitoring and source tracking of\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    involve the use of subtyping methods, with the performance of genetic\u2010based methods found to be superior to phenotypic\u2010based ones. Various methods have been used to subtype\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates, with the pulsed\u2010field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) being the gold standard. Although PFGE has had a massive impact on food safety through the establishment of the PulseNet, there is no doubt that whole genome sequence (WGS) typing is accurate, has a discriminatory power superior to any known method, and allows genome\u2010wide differences between strains to be quantified through the comparison of nucleotide sequences. This review focuses on the different techniques that have been used to type\n                    <jats:italic>L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n                    strains, their performance challenges, and the tremendous impact WGS typing could have on the food safety landscape.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,11,20]],"date-time":"2015-11-20T15:18:30Z","timestamp":1448032710000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":40,"title":["<i>Listeria monocytogenes<\/i>\n                    : Strain Heterogeneity, Methods, and Challenges of Subtyping"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"80","author":[{"given":"Esmond B.","family":"Nyarko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Animal and Food Science Univ. of Delaware  044 Townsend Hall, 531 S. 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