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The aim of this paper is to undertake a literature review and critique the often contradictory definitions that can be found in the literature in order to compare and contrast existing food crime risk assessment tools and their application. Food safety, food defense, and food fraud risk assessments consider different criteria in order to determine the degree of situational risk for each criteria and the measures that need to be implemented to mitigate that risk. Further research is required to support the development of global countermeasures, that are of value in reducing overall risk even when the potential hazards may be largely unknown, and specific countermeasures that can act against unique risks.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.13256","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,3,2]],"date-time":"2016-03-02T16:23:14Z","timestamp":1456935794000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":203,"title":["Food Safety, Food Fraud, and Food Defense: A Fast Evolving Literature"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"81","author":[{"given":"Louise","family":"Manning","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Royal Agricultural Univ  Stroud Road Cirencester GL7 6JS U.K"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jan Mei","family":"Soon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Intl. 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