{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,23]],"date-time":"2026-03-23T11:24:55Z","timestamp":1774265095063,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":24,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]],"date-time":"2017-12-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1513814400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003624","name":"Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Rural Affairs","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314019\u20103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314019\u20103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003624","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003668","name":"Korea Institute of Planning and Evaluation for Technology in Food, Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003668","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2018,2]]},"abstract":"\n Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n The present study tested antibacterial activity of a rice hull smoke extract (RHSE) against a multidrug\u2010resistant strain of\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n Typhimurium and examined its mode of suppressive action\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and in mice.\n In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n studies showed that the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of RHSE was 1.29% (v\/v). The inactivation was confirmed by complete loss of cell viability in the range of 10\n 4<\/jats:sup>\n to 10\n 7<\/jats:sup>\n colony forming units of the resistant\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n Typhimurium strain. Agarose and sodium dodecyl sulfate\u2013polyacrylamide gel electrophoreses were used to evaluate the integrities of bacterial genomic DNA and total cellular protein profiles. The antibacterial action of RHSE results from a leakage of intracellular macromolecules following rupture of bacterial cells. Scanning electron microscopy of the cells shows that RHSE also induced deleterious morphological changes in the bacterial cell membrane of the pathogens.\n In vivo<\/jats:italic>\n antibacterial activity of RHSE at a 1 \u00d7 MIC concentration was examined in a bacterial gastroenteritis model using Balb\/c mice orally infected with the\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n Typhimurium. The results show greatly decreased excretion of the bacteria into the feces and suppressed translocation of the bacteria to internal organs (cecum, mesenteric lymph node, spleen, and liver) compared with the infected mice not subjected to the RHSE treatment. Collectively, the present findings indicate that the mechanism of the antibacterial activities both\n in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n and in the gastroenteritis environment of the animal model is the result of the direct disruption of cell structure, leading to cell death. RHSE has the potential to serve as a multifunctional food additive that might protect consumers against infections by antibiotic\u2010resistant microorganisms.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n The rice hull derived liquid smoke has the potential to complement widely used wood\u2010derived smoke as an antimicrobial flavor and health\u2010promoting formulation for application in foods and feeds.<\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14020","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,23]],"date-time":"2017-12-23T09:32:04Z","timestamp":1514021524000},"page":"440-445","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Mechanism of Antibacterial Activities of a Rice Hull Smoke Extract (RHSE) Against Multidrug\u2010Resistant\n Salmonella<\/i>\n Typhimurium\n In Vitro<\/i>\n and in Mice"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"83","author":[{"given":"Sung Phil","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"STR Biotech Ltd. Chuncheon 24232 Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Inst. of Basic Sciences Ajou Univ. Suwon 164499 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sang Jong","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"STR Biotech Ltd. Chuncheon 24232 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Seok Hyun","family":"Nam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dept. of Biological Science Ajou Univ. Suwon 16499 Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2582-7517","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mendel","family":"Friedman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service Western Regional Research Center Albany CA 94710 U.S.A"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,12,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","unstructured":"FAOSTAT.2014.Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Statistics Division: Crops Production. Available from:http:\/\/faostat.fao.org. 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