{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,23]],"date-time":"2026-06-23T11:11:01Z","timestamp":1782213061708,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1569196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The food industry is advancing at a rapid pace and consumer sensitivity to food safety scares and food fraud scandals is further amplified by rapid communication such as by social media. Academia, regulators, and industry practitioners alike struggle with an evolving issue regarding new terms and definitions including food fraud, food authenticity, food integrity, food protection, economically motivated adulteration, food crime, food security, contaminant, adulterant, and others. This research addressed some of the global need for clarification and harmonization of commonly used terminology. The 150 survey responses were received from various food\u2010related workgroups or committee members, communication with recognized experts, and announcements to the food industry in general. Overall food fraud was identified as a \u201cfood safety\u201d issue (86%). The food quality and manufacturing respondents focused mainly on incoming goods and adulterant\u2010substances (&lt;50%) rather than the other illegal activities such as counterfeiting, theft, gray market\/diversion, and smuggling. Of the terms included to represent \u201cintentional deception for economic gain\u201d the respondents generally agreed with\n                      <jats:italic>food fraud<\/jats:italic>\n                      as the preferred term. Overall, the preference was 50% \u201cfood fraud,\u201d 15% \u201ceconomically motivated adulteration\u201d EMA, 9% \u201cfood protection,\u201d 7% \u201cfood integrity,\u201d 5% \u201cfood authenticity,\u201d and 2% \u201cfood crime.\u201d It appears that \u201cfood protection\u201d and \u201cfood integrity\u201d are terms that cover broader concepts such as all types of intentional acts and even possibly food safety or food quality. \u201cFood authenticity\u201d was defined with the phrase \u201cto ensure\u201d so seemed to be identified as an \u201cattribute\u201d that helped define fraudulent acts.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Food Fraud\u2014illegal deception for economic gain using food\u2014is a rapidly evolving research topic and is facing confusion due to the use of different terms and definitions. This research survey presented common definitions and publication details to gain insight that could help provide clarity. The insight from this report provides guidance for others who are harmonizing terminology and setting the overall strategic direction.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14705","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]],"date-time":"2019-09-23T19:49:27Z","timestamp":1569268167000},"page":"2705-2718","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":65,"title":["International Survey of Food Fraud and Related Terminology: Preliminary Results and Discussion"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"84","author":[{"given":"John","family":"Spink","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Fraud Initiative Michigan State Univ.  Okemos MI 48864 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Bedard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"GMA\u2010Science Education Foundation  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John","family":"Keogh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Henley Business School  Henley\u2010on\u2010Thames Oxfordshire UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Douglas C","family":"Moyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Program in Public Health Michigan State Univ.  East Lansing MI USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joe","family":"Scimeca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Corp Food Safety &amp; Reg Affairs Cargill  wayzata MN 55391 USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akhila","family":"Vasan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Science Education Foundation Grocery Manufacturers Association  Washington DC USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","unstructured":"CEN European Committee for Standardization. (2018). 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