{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T20:42:31Z","timestamp":1769200951911,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":47,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600300800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Apple (\n                      <jats:italic>Malus domestica<\/jats:italic>\n                      Borkh.) is an important fruit tree species worldwide. Apple fruits are favored by consumers because of their antioxidative, anti\u2010inflammatory, and antitumor effects as well as their protective effects against cardiovascular diseases and other health benefits. There is considerable interest in red\u2010fleshed apple fruits among breeders because of their high flavonoid and anthocyanin contents. However, the flavonoids extracted from red\u2010fleshed apple fruits must still be functionally characterized, especially regarding their protective effects against certain pathologies. In this study, the flavonoid components and contents in the extracts prepared from red\u2010fleshed apple cultivar \u201cMeihong\u201d were determined. Additionally, the\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antioxidant activities and protective effects of the extracts against CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010induced acute liver injury were investigated. The red\u2010fleshed apple flesh flavonoid extract (RAFF) exhibited strong\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antioxidant activities. Compared with the model control mice treated with CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      , the mice pretreated with high (800\u00a0mg\/kg\u00b7bw), middle (400\u00a0mg\/kg\u00b7bw), and low (200\u00a0mg\/kg\u00b7bw) RAFF doses had significantly lower CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010induced serum aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and alkaline phosphatase activities. Moreover, the RAFF pretreatment also significantly decreased the liver malondialdehyde activity and prevented the CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      \u2010induced decrease in liver superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, catalase, and reduced glutathione levels. Furthermore, a histopathological examination revealed that RAFF inhibited the inflammatory cell infiltration and cell boundary loss caused by CCl\n                      <jats:sub>4<\/jats:sub>\n                      in the liver. Thus, RAFF is a natural antioxidant with significant antioxidative activities and liver protective effects. The results of this study may be relevant for enhancing the application of the red\u2010fleshed apple fruit extract as a food additive.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We took the self\u2010selected red\u2010fleshed apple cultivar \u201cMeihong\u201d as the unique research material, and the active ingredients of its flavonoid extract,\n                      <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      antioxidant activity and hepatoprotective effect were analyzed. It is of great significance to promote the development of the red\u2010fleshed apple industry, and also provides an important reference for the development of natural antioxidants.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15454","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,17]],"date-time":"2020-09-17T09:09:31Z","timestamp":1600333771000},"page":"3618-3627","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Antioxidant and hepatoprotective effects against acute CCl\n                    <sub>4<\/sub>\n                    \u2010induced liver damage in mice from red\u2010fleshed apple flesh flavonoid extract"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"85","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8154-9382","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Qi","family":"Zou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Nan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zheng","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Haifeng","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanxian","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Tianliang","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhangwen","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zongying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Le","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Life Science Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xuesen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, College of Horticulture Science and Engineering Shandong Agricultural University  Tai'an Shandong 271018 P. R. China"},{"name":"Collaborative Innovation Center of Fruit &amp; Vegetable Quality and Efficient Production  Tai'an Shandong 271000 P. R. 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