{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T18:33:36Z","timestamp":1790620416069,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]],"date-time":"2020-12-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1607385600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"\n Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n Contaminated fresh produce has increasingly been implicated in foodborne disease outbreaks. As microbiological safety surveillance in South Africa is limited, a total of 545 vegetable samples (spinach, tomato, lettuce, cucumber, and green beans) were purchased from retailers, street traders, trolley vendors and farmers\u2019 markets.\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n , coliforms and Enterobacteriaceae were enumerated and the prevalence of\n Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. and\n Listeria monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n determined.\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates were characterized phenotypically (antibiotic resistance) and genotypically (diarrheagenic virulence genes). Coliforms,\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n and Enterobacteriaceae counts were mostly not significantly different between formal and informal markets, with exceptions noted on occasion. When compared to international standards, 90% to 98% tomatoes, 70% to 94% spinach, 82% cucumbers, 93% lettuce, and 80% green bean samples, had satisfactory (\u2264 100 CFU\/g)\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n counts. Of the 545 vegetable samples analyzed, 14.86% (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 81) harbored\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n , predominantly from leafy green vegetables. Virulence genes (\n lt<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n st<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n bfpA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n eagg<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n eaeA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n stx1<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n stx2<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n ipaH)<\/jats:italic>\n were not detected in the\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates (\n n<\/jats:italic>\n = 67) characterized, however 40.30% were multidrug\u2010resistant. Resistance to aminoglycosides (neomycin, 73.13%; gentamycin, < 10%), penicillins (ampicillin, 38.81%; amoxicillin, 41.79%; augmentin, < 10%), sulfonamides (cotrimoxazole, 22.39%), tetracycline (19.4%), chloramphenicol (11.94%), cephalosporins (cefepime, 34.33%), and carbapenemases (imipenem, < 10%) were observed. This study highlights the need for continued surveillance of multidrug resistant foodborne pathogens in fresh produce retailed formally and informally for potential consumer health risks.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>\n \n Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n \n The results indicate that the microbiological quality of different vegetables were similar per product type, regardless of being purchased from formal retailers or informal street traders, trolley vendors or farmers\u2019 markets. Although no pathogenic bacteria (diarrheagenic\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n spp. or\n L. monocytogenes<\/jats:italic>\n ) were isolated, high levels of multidrug\u2010resistance was observed in the generic\n E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n isolates. These findings highlight the importance of microbiological quality surveillance of fresh produce in formal and informal markets, as these products can be a reservoir of multidrug resistant bacteria harboring antibiotic resistance and virulence genes, potentially impacting human health.\n <\/jats:p>\n <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15534","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,9]],"date-time":"2020-12-09T21:50:51Z","timestamp":1607550651000},"page":"161-168","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["High prevalence of multidrug resistant\n Escherichia coli<\/i>\n isolated from fresh vegetables sold by selected formal and informal traders in the most densely populated Province of South Africa"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1730-7781","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Loandi","family":"Richter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Hatfield Pretoria 0001 South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5582-1434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erika Du","family":"Plessis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Hatfield Pretoria 0001 South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5984-1491","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stacey","family":"Duvenage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Hatfield Pretoria 0001 South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0232-7659","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lise","family":"Korsten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant and Soil Sciences University of Pretoria Hatfield Pretoria 0001 South Africa"},{"name":"Department of Science and Innovation, National Research Foundation Centre of Excellence in Food Security Cape Town South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,12,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2007.12.013"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica isolated from cabbage and lettuce samples in Tamale metropolis of Ghana","volume":"5","author":"Adzitey F.","year":"2018","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Contamination"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2018.04.018"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","first-page":"446","article-title":"Microbiological quality of leafy green vegetables sold in the local market of Saudi Arabia","volume":"25","author":"Al\u2010Holy M.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Italian Journal of Food Science"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4292417"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.42.12.5849-5853.2004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijid.2010.10.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Comparative microbiological safety study of fresh produce sold and consumed in informal markets, Gauteng, Pretoria","author":"Baloyi T.","year":"2020"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","unstructured":"Baylis C. 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