{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T15:19:47Z","timestamp":1777562387607,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622332800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010221","name":"Higher Education Commision, Pakistan","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["0341\u20103970\u20102018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["0341\u20103970\u20102018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010221","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study was designed to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors of\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolated from drinking water and retail raw food samples in Peshawar, Pakistan. A total of 1,020 different samples were collected from various areas of Peshawar between January 2016 and May 2017,\u00a0followed by identification of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      through biochemical, serological, and\n                      <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene sequencing. Potential risk factors associated with the development and spreading of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      infection were also investigated. Overall, 45 (4.41%) samples were positive for\n                      <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                      species. Among these samples, the predominant species was\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a044) followed by\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>S. boydii<\/jats:italic>\n                      (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a01). Interestingly,\n                      <jats:italic>S. sonnei<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0and\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>S. dysenteriae<\/jats:italic>\n                      isolates were not found in any sample. The isolation rate of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      in drinking water samples, market raw milk, and fruits\/vegetables from Peshawar were 6.47%, 3.5%, and 2.9%, respectively. The phylogenetic reconstruction showed genetic diversity among three clades, as clades I and II have isolates of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      that were circulating within the drinking water, milk, fruits\/vegetables, while clade III isolates were recovered from milk samples. Most of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      were detected in June to September. Potential risk factors of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      were water sources contaminated by toilet wastes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04), surface water drainage (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.0002), hospital wastes (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.01), unhygienic handling (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05), and transportation of raw food (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0=\u00a00.04). In conclusion,\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0isolates of closely related lineage originating from non\u2010clinical samples might be associated with an increased human risk to\u00a0shigellosis\u00a0in Pakistan, as significant numbers of\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      were observed in the drinking water and retail raw food samples.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study demonstrated the presence of\u00a0\n                      <jats:italic>S. flexneri<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u00a0in drinking water and retail raw food samples which seem to possess a serious threat to public health. Potential sources of food and water contamination should properly be monitored by public health authorities to reduce cases of shigellosis.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15777","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,30]],"date-time":"2021-05-30T23:05:01Z","timestamp":1622415901000},"page":"2579-2589","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Prevalence and associated risk factors of\u00a0\n                    <i>Shigella flexneri<\/i>\n                    \u00a0isolated from drinking water and retail raw foods in Peshawar, Pakistan"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8095-9534","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iqbal","family":"Nisa","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology Kohat University of Science and Technology  Kohat 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