{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,29]],"date-time":"2026-04-29T17:47:49Z","timestamp":1777484869596,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1627257600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Cadmium (Cd) is a widespread heavy metal pollutant in the environment that damages human health. In this study, the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in different Cd\u2010contaminated rice (low pollution level cadmium rice (Rice\u2010L, 0.111\u00a0mg\/kg),\u00a0medium\u00a0pollution\u00a0level\u00a0cadmium\u00a0rice\u00a0(Rice\u2010M, 0.400\u00a0mg\/kg), and high pollution level cadmium rice (Rice\u2010H, 0.655\u00a0mg\/kg)) were estimated and determined by an in vitro digestion model Rijksinstituut voor volksgezondheiden milieu (RIVM), Caco\u20102 cell model, and mouse model. The results indicated that Cd in the oral cavity (15.65\u201328.28%) displayed the lowest bioaccessibility comparing with small intestine (90.04\u201394.73%) and the stomach (99.30\u2013100.70%) in vitro after cooking. In addition, the results showed that the bioaccessibility of Cd in CdCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , CdCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      +normal rice (Rice\u2010N), Rice\u2010H, Rice\u2010M, Rice\u2010L group were 99.29%, 92.57%, 90.04%, 94.73%, and 91.11%, respectively; the in vitro bioavailability of Cd in CdCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      , CdCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      +Rice\u2010N, Rice\u2010H, Rice\u2010M, and Rice\u2010L group were 27.50%, 20.78%, 21.90%, 26.90%, 36.46%, respectively, we found that the group of CdCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      is significantly higher than CdCl\n                      <jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>\n                      +Rice\u2010N and Rice\u2010H (\n                      <jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u00a00.05), while the targets hazard quotient (THQ) value of rice ingested without considering the in vitro bioavailability is 2.7\u20134.6 times than the THQ value with considered and the relative bioavailability (RBA) of Cd in Rice\u2010L, Rice\u2010M, Rice\u2010H are 80.25%, 64.32%, and 60.91%, respectively. These results indicate that the rice substrate has impact on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd, and might overestimate the health risks of Cd if bioavailability was not considered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Studying the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of cadmium in rice is a promising strategy to obtain a more accurate human health risk assessment of cadmium exposure in rice, as well as provide a theoretical basis for the formulation of cadmium limit standard in grain, which was also conducive to the rational and full utilization of rice resources in China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.15829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]],"date-time":"2021-07-26T06:34:16Z","timestamp":1627281256000},"page":"3730-3742","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Study on the bioaccessibility and bioavailability of Cd in contaminated rice in vitro and in vivo"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"86","author":[{"given":"Liyun","family":"Yao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yixin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ziyi","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qian","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yongning","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"},{"name":"NHC Key Laboratory of Food Safety Risk Assessment, Food Safety Research Unit (2019RU014) of Chinese Academy of Medical Science China National Center for Food Safety Risk Assessment  Beijing China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5788-5581","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zhiyong","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Key Laboratory for Deep Processing of Major Grain and Oil of Ministry of Education Wuhan Polytechnic University  Wuhan Hubei China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.proenv.2012.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2012.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(02)11738-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41596-018-0119-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/15287398109530062"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","volume-title":"Environmental Health Criteria 224 Arsenic and Arsenic Compounds","author":"Caminero A. 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