{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T17:03:58Z","timestamp":1762189438111,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":19,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]],"date-time":"2022-12-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1670803200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In 2012, the Codex Alimentarius Commission adopted maximum residue limits (MRLs) for ractopamine in pig and cattle tissues. Egypt, a country that records a high consumption of beef liver, conducted a health risk assessment to estimate the risks associated with the adoption of Codex MRLs and the possible adoption of alternative values that may offer higher protection. Ractopamine was characterized based on previous assessments performed by international regulatory agencies, and an acceptable daily intake was set at 1\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg bw for both chronic and acute ractopamine exposure. Beef liver consumption data for the Egyptian population were collected through a field survey (529 households, 1929 individuals). The standard body weight of 60\u00a0kg was used, as well as 70\u00a0kg, as a potentially more representative weight for the Egyptian population. Simulations showed that when the MRL for ractopamine in beef liver is set to 40\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg (Codex MRL) or 20\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg, the health\u2010based guidance value of 1\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg bw was not exceeded, as a result of chronic or acute exposure. An MRL of 20\u00a0\u00b5g\/kg of ractopamine in beef liver was shown to provide optimum protection of Egyptian consumers, considering other potential sources of ractopamine intake and abnormally high consumption patterns, and was therefore recommended for adoption in Egypt. This study presents the inputs, model, and results of the probabilistic risk assessment that supported such recommendation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Residues of veterinary drugs, such as ractopamine, accumulate in animal tissues and may pose a risk to consumers. Establishing maximum residue limits (MRLs) will help importers by giving them the necessary visibility for commercial trade. It will also benefit Egyptian consumers, large consumers of beef liver, who will be better protected with a lower MRL than the internationally recommended one.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.16399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,13]],"date-time":"2022-12-13T00:25:20Z","timestamp":1670891120000},"page":"552-562","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Risk assessment supporting the establishment of a maximum residue limit for ractopamine in beef liver, applicable in the Arab Republic of Egypt"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"88","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4199-3825","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel Benrejeb","family":"Godefroy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods Laval University  Quebec Canada"},{"name":"Global Food Regulatory Science Society (GFoRSS), C\/O PARERA Laval University  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Silvia","family":"Dominguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods Laval University  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mark","family":"Feeley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Global Food Regulatory Science Society (GFoRSS), C\/O PARERA Laval University  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"J\u00e9r\u00e9mie","family":"Th\u00e9olier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Risk Analysis and Regulatory Excellence Platform (PARERA), Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods Laval University  Quebec Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sohair A. Gad","family":"Alla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Safety Agency of Egypt (NFSA)  Bab El Louq Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alex","family":"Samel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land O'Lakes Venture37, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Transforming the Assessment and Inspection of Food Businesses in Egypt (TAIB) Project  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Khaled","family":"Shedeed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Land O'Lakes Venture37, United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Transforming the Assessment and Inspection of Food Businesses in Egypt (TAIB) Project  Cairo Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Eman","family":"Helmy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Safety Agency of Egypt (NFSA)  Bab El Louq Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hussein","family":"Mansour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Food Safety Agency of Egypt (NFSA)  Bab El Louq Egypt"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1867299x00002294"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","unstructured":"Animal Welfare Division. (2014).Literature review on the welfare implications of the use of \u03b2\u2010Adrenoreceptor agonists. American Veterinary Medical Association."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1867299x0000670X"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"Codex and JECFA Secretariats. (2012).Information Sheet\u2014Discussion on Ractopamine in Codex and in the Joint FAO \/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA).https:\/\/www.fao.org\/fileadmin\/user_upload\/agns\/pdf\/Ractopamine_info_sheet_Codex\u2010JECFA_rev_26April2012__2_.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18637\/jss.v064.i04"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2903\/j.efsa.2009.1041"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19440049.2014.909953"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","unstructured":"Global Agricultural Information Network. (2018).Global Agricultural Information Network Report\u2014Egyptian standards complicate beef trade. EG18024. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service.https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/newgainapi\/api\/report\/downloadreportbyfilename?filename=Egyptian%20Standards%20Complicate%20Beef%20Trade_Cairo_Egypt_10\u201015\u20102018.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","unstructured":"Global Agricultural Information Network. (2020).Global Agricultural Information Network Report\u2014Egypt endorses a science\u2010based decision on veterinary drugs. EG2020\u2010056. USDA Foreign Agricultural Service.https:\/\/apps.fas.usda.gov\/newgainapi\/api\/Report\/DownloadReportByFileName?fileName=Egypt%20Endorses%20a%20Science\u2010Based%20Decision%20on%20Veterinary%20Drugs_Cairo_Egypt_12\u201001\u20102020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","unstructured":"Human Safety Division. (2005).Human safety assessment of ractopamine conducted by Health Canada. Veterinary Drugs Directorate Health Canada."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","unstructured":"International Programme of Chemical Safety. (1994).Assessing human health risks of chemicals: Derivation of guidance values for health based exposure limits. World Health Organization.https:\/\/apps.who.int\/iris\/bitstream\/handle\/10665\/40675\/9241571705\u2010eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5713\/ajas.2012.12524"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (2004).Toxicological evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO Food Additives Series: 53 World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives. (2006).Sixty\u2010sixth report of the Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives \u2013 Evaluation of certain veterinary drug residues in food. WHO technical report series 939. World Health Organization.https:\/\/whqlibdoc.who.int\/publications\/2006\/9241209399_eng.pdf"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Expert Meeting on Dietary Exposure Assessment Methodologies for Residues of Veterinary Drugs. (2012).Final report including report of stakeholder meeting. World Health Organization."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","unstructured":"Joint FAO\/WHO Food Standards Programme. (2012).Thirty\u2010fifth Session \u2013 Report. Codex Alimentarius Commission."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.114.213116"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","unstructured":"RStudio Team. (2019).RStudio: Integrated development for R. RStudio PBC Boston MA.https:\/\/www.rstudio.com\/"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","unstructured":"USFDA. (1999).Freedom of information summary\u2014Original new animal drug application\u2014Ractopamine hydrochloride (PAYLEAN\u00ae)."}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.16399","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1750-3841.16399","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.16399","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,3]],"date-time":"2025-11-03T16:42:28Z","timestamp":1762188148000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1750-3841.16399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"references-count":19,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1750-3841.16399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1750-3841.16399","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1147","1750-3841"],"issn-type":[{"type":"print","value":"0022-1147"},{"type":"electronic","value":"1750-3841"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,12]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2022-08-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-11-10","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2022-12-12","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}