{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T02:54:22Z","timestamp":1790564062389,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716163200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de S\u00e3o Paulo","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A better understanding of how emulsifier type could differently influence the behavior of nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) under the gastrointestinal digestion process, as well as at the cellular level, is of utmost importance for the NLC\u2010based formulations\u2019 optimization and risk assessment in the food field. In this study, NLC composed by fully hydrogenated soybean and high\u2010oleic sunflower oils were prepared using soy lecithin (NLC L\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) or Tween 80 (NLC T\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      ) as an emulsifier. \u03b2\u2010Carotene was entrapped within NLC developed as a promising strategy to overcome \u03b2\u2010carotene's low bioavailability and stability. The effect of emulsifier type on the digestibility of \u03b2\u2010carotene\u2010loaded NLC was evaluated using an in vitro dynamic digestion model mimicking peristalsis motion. The influence of \u03b2\u2010carotene\u2010loaded NLC on cell viability was assessed using Caco\u20102 cells in vitro. NLC T\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      remained stable in the gastric compartment, presenting particle size (PS) similar to the initial NLC (PS: 245.68 and 218.18\u00a0nm, respectively), while NLC L\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      showed lower stability (PS\u00a0&gt;\u00a01000\u00a0nm) in stomach and duodenum phases. NLC T\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      also provided high \u03b2\u2010carotene protection and delivery capacity (i.e., \u03b2\u2010carotene bioaccessibility increased 10\u2010fold). Based on the results of digestion studies, NLC T\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      has shown better physical stability during the passage through the in vitro dynamic gastrointestinal system than NLC L\n                      <jats:sub>\u03b2<\/jats:sub>\n                      . Moreover, the developed NLC did not compromise cell viability up to 25\u00a0\u00b5g\/mL of \u03b2\u2010carotene. Thus, the NLC developed proved to be a biocompatible structure and able to incorporate and protect \u03b2\u2010carotene for further food applications.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this study hold significant implications for industrial applications in terms of developing nanostructured lipid carriers from natural raw materials widely available and used to produce other lipid\u2010based products in the food industry, as an alternative to synthetic ones. In this respect, the \u03b2\u2010carotene\u2010loaded NLC developed in this study would find a great industrial application in the food industry, which is in constant search to develop functional foods capable of increasing the bioavailability of bioactive compounds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.17113","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T11:18:50Z","timestamp":1716203930000},"page":"3290-3305","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Performance of \u03b2\u2010carotene\u2010loaded nanostructured lipid carriers under dynamic in vitro digestion system: Influence of the emulsifier type"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"89","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0221-5633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernanda L.","family":"L\u00fcdtke","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Faculty of Food Engineering University of Campinas  Campinas Brazil"},{"name":"CEB \u2010 Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho  Braga Portugal"},{"name":"LABBELS \u2013 Associate Laboratory  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Michel","family":"Fernandes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CEB \u2010 Centre of Biological Engineering University of Minho  Braga Portugal"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Raquel F. 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