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A total of 44 and 40 VOCs were identified by GC\u2010MS and GC\u2010IMS, respectively. Pyrazines (2\u2010ethyl\u20103,5\u2010dimethylpyrazine, 2,3\u2010diethyl\u20105\u2010methylpyrazine) and furans (2\u2010pentylfuran, 2\u2010ethylfuran) played a major role in the baked aroma characteristics of roasted and stir\u2010fried Gorgon Euryale seeds. Six and seven marker compounds were identified by Orthogonal Partial Least Square Discriminant Analysis (OPLS\u2010DA) models for GC\u2010MS and GC\u2010IMS based on 12 VOCs with odor activity value\u00a0&gt;\u00a01 and 18 VOCs with relative odor activity value\u00a0&gt;\u00a00.1, respectively. OPLS\u2010DA and principal component analysis score plots of the E\u2010tongue and E\u2010nose demonstrated that samples could be effectively distinguished in terms of flavor. This research provides a comprehensive basis for evaluating the impact of processing methods on the changes in flavor of Gorgon Euryale seeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work demonstrates that the use of E\u2010tongue, E\u2010nose, HS\u2010SPME\u2010GC\u2010MS, and GC\u2010IMS has the capability to thoroughly analyze the flavor profile of Gorgon Euryale seeds at both macro and micro levels. This approach effectively distinguishes Gorgon Euryale products subjected to different processing treatments and provides a reliable reference for evaluating and identifying the flavor quality of Gorgon Euryale seeds.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,2,3]],"date-time":"2025-02-03T10:38:31Z","timestamp":1738579111000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Evaluating the impact of different processing methods on the flavor characteristics of Gorgon Euryale seeds using electronic tongue, electronic nose, gas chromatography\u2010mass spectrometry, and gas chromatography\u2010ion mobility spectrometry"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Haiwen","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Food Nutrition and Chronic Disease Intervention Laboratory, School of Life Sciences Shanghai 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