{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:51:21Z","timestamp":1789519881625,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]],"date-time":"2025-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1743724800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The increasing consumer interest in game meat, along with the potential transmission of\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      from game meat to humans, poses significant challenges in assessing the related public health risks. The diverse transmission pathways of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      and its ability to infiltrate host organisms offer an excellent opportunity for enhancing our comprehension of this pathogen's transmission dynamics.\n                      <jats:italic>Toxoplasma<\/jats:italic>\n                      has traditionally been a valuable model for studying host\u2013pathogen interactions and investigating population, community, and environmental or ecological aspects. Therefore, a meta\u2010analysis was conducted to estimate the worldwide prevalence and related ecological factors of parasites in wild ruminants. For this purpose, six data base were searched for studies published up to November, 2024. Apparent pooled prevalence was analyzed using a random\u2010effect model with a 95% confidence interval. Furthermore, a univariate and multivariate meta\u2010regression analyses were conducted to investigate associations of species, socio\u2010demographic, geographical, and meteorological data with the prevalence of parasites. The apparent prevalence of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      in wild ruminants was estimated at 12% across four continents. The pooled prevalence estimate across the three species was relatively consistent, with wild sheep showing a rate of about 12.80%, while wild goats (10.30%) and cattle (14.40%) exhibited a slightly higher prevalence. Meta\u2010regression analyses showed a significant relationship among the variables of wild sheep, goat, and cattle species and subspecies, age, gender, samples, methods, continent, temperature, rainfall, humidity, and income level with the prevalence of parasites. The findings indicate the circulation of\n                      <jats:italic>T. gondii<\/jats:italic>\n                      but not a homogeneous exposure in wild ungulates, which could have significant implications for animal health, conservation, and public health.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70172","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,5]],"date-time":"2025-04-05T12:11:54Z","timestamp":1743855114000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prevalence of toxoplasmosis in natural ungulates as human zoonotic meat\u2010borne pathogens: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Afsaneh","family":"Amouei","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mazandaran Central Veterinary Laboratory Medical Sciences, Veterinary Administration of Mazandaran Province  Sari Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8822-0301","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Azadeh","family":"Mizani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Pasteur Institute of Iran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mina","family":"Arabian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Epidemiology and Biostatics Research Centre for Emerging and Reemerging Infectious Diseases, Pasteur Institute of Iran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed Hosseini","family":"Teshnizi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Community Medicine, School of Medicine Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences  Bandar Abbas Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7086-1680","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ruzanna","family":"Gevorgyan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biology Yerevan State University  Yerevan Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fateme","family":"Amuei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Organic Chemistry University of Mazandaran  Babolsar Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Samira","family":"Dodangeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinical Research Development Unit, Qods Hospital Qazvin University of Medical Sciences Qazvin Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Donya","family":"Sadeghi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery Tehran University of Medical Sciences  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabah","family":"Naeimi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Parasitology Pasteur Institute of Iran  Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ahmad","family":"Daryani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Toxoplasmosis Research Center, Communicable Diseases Institute Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences  Sari Iran"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology National Academy of Sciences of Armenia (NASRA)  Yerevan Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8516-2778","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sargis A.","family":"Aghayan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Zoology, Research Institute of Biology Yerevan State University  Yerevan Armenia"},{"name":"Laboratory of Molecular Parasitology, Scientific Center of Zoology and Hydroecology National Academy of Sciences of Armenia (NASRA)  Yerevan Armenia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00436\u2010017\u20105705\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3184\/175815617x151058422002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0290012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/tbed.13550"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.5920"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.20506\/rst.12.1.686"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2016.0167"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","unstructured":"Daryani A. 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