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The extract showed an IC\u2085\u2080 value of 3.50\u00a0mg\/mL in the DPPH assay and 6.61\u00a0mg\/mL in the iron\u2010chelating assay. The total phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined as 30.54\u00a0mg GAE\/g DW and 29.28\u00a0mg QE\/g DW, respectively. Antibiofilm tests revealed 7% inhibition against\n                      <jats:italic>Pseudomonas aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while biofilm formation increased by 10% in\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      25923. HPLC analysis identified key bioactive compounds, including ascorbic acid, gallic acid, vanillic acid, rosmarinic acid, oleuropein, rutin, and quercetin. Macroelement analysis indicated high potassium and magnesium levels, highlighting the plant's nutritional potential. In the in silico endocrine\u2010disrupting analysis, compounds such as ascorbic acid, vanillic acid, and quercetin exhibited a low\u2010risk profile, while rosmarinic acid, gallic acid, and baicalin demonstrated moderate binding potential with specific receptors. Molecular docking studies demonstrate that oleuropein, rutin, and baicalin exhibit strong binding affinity with target proteins. Network analysis has identified key biological pathways related to inflammation, oxidative stress, and immune modulation, highlighting the roles of rutin and oleuropein in managing\n                      <jats:italic>P. aeruginosa<\/jats:italic>\n                      infections. Following the network analysis, molecular docking studies reveal that oleuropein and rutin have an even stronger binding affinity with target proteins.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Application<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The findings of this study suggest that\n                      <jats:italic>Amaranthus retroflexus<\/jats:italic>\n                      extract may serve as a natural source of antioxidant and iron\u2010chelating agents, as well as bioactive compounds with potential roles in managing bacterial biofilm formation. Due to its phytochemical richness and essential mineral content, the extract could be further explored in the development of plant\u2010based supplements, functional foods, or natural preservatives. This research provides a foundation for future studies focused on safe and sustainable health\u2010supporting products.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]],"date-time":"2025-06-12T11:48:47Z","timestamp":1749728927000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Investigation of the Antioxidant, Antibiofilm, and Endocrine\u2010disrupting Potential of\n                    <i>Amaranthus retroflexus<\/i>\n                    Methanol Extract Used as Food: Network and Molecular Docking Analyses"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"given":"Mehmet","family":"Aytar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of\u00a0Science Ayd\u0131n Adnan Menderes University  Ayd\u0131n T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emine \u0130ncilay","family":"Toruno\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry Necmettin Erbakan University  Konya T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6045-0183","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Erdi Can","family":"Aytar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Horticulture U\u015fak University  U\u015fak T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alper","family":"Durmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ali Nihat G\u00f6kyi\u011fit Botanical Garden Application and Research Center Artvin \u00c7oruh University  Artvin T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bet\u00fcl","family":"Ayd\u0131n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology Gazi University  Ankara T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abidin","family":"G\u00fcmr\u00fck\u00e7\u00fco\u011flu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medicinal\u2010Aromatic Plants Application and Research Center Artvin \u00c7oruh University  Artvin T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/FMICB.2020.00823\/FULL"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.22092\/ARI.2021.356072.1770"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/S13346\u2010019\u201000681\u20108\/METRICS"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/BIOLOGY13090676"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4172\/2329\u20106836.1000199"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/CBDV.202401057"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010025\u201094887\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/AGRONOMY11061032\/S1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41522\u2010024\u201000569\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/5381993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/J.COLSURFB.2019.110479"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","unstructured":"Biovia.2021. \u201cDassault Syst\u00e8mes.\u201d Discovery Studio Visualizer v21.1.0.20298."},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","first-page":"1675","article-title":"Antibacterial, Cytotoxic and Antioxidant Activity of Chloroform, n\u2010Hexane, and Ethyl Acetate Extract of Plant Amaranthus spinosus","volume":"3","author":"Bulbul I.","year":"2011","journal-title":"International Journal of PharmTech Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20103841.2012.02645.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","volume-title":"Flora of Turkey and the East Aegean Islands","author":"Davis P.","year":"1967"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/14786419.2019.1624961"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1021\/JF0115589"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/ABBI.1994.1485"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598\u2010020\u201067732\u2010w"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","volume-title":"Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods","author":"Elias T. 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