{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,20]],"date-time":"2026-07-20T15:48:33Z","timestamp":1784562513274,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761782400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003711","name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003711","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009210","name":"Food and Drug Administration","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009210","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Parabens (PBs) and bisphenol A (BPA) are common endocrine\u2010disrupting chemicals commonly encountered in daily life, yet research on their associations with food groups remains limited. To address this, a nationwide study in Taiwan evaluated the exposure risks of PBs and BPA. This study measured urinary concentrations of three PBs\u2014methyl\u2010paraben (MP), ethyl\u2010paraben (EP), and propyl\u2010paraben (PP)\u2014together with BPA using ultra\u2010performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time\u2010of\u2010flight mass spectrometry (UPLC\u2010QToF\u2010MS), using\u00a0data from 706 participants in the Nutrition and Health Survey in Taiwan (NAHSIT). The median creatinine\u2010adjusted concentrations for MP, EP, PP, and BPA were 17.54, 0.97, 1.60, and 1.19 \u00b5g\/g cre., respectively. Multiple linear regression identified\u00a0a positive linear association was identified between EP exposure and oil group consumption in the \u2265 65 years group (\u03b2 = 0.194,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.04). G\u2010computation analysis was applied to estimate the population\u2010average causal effects of food group consumption on PBs and BPA levels, revealing\u00a0distinct dietary associations with both compounds. For PBs, significant positive correlations were observed with fruits (+9.1% for EP in the 19\u201364 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.036), snacks (+1.7% for MP [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.023] to +3.8% for EP [\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.006] in the 12\u201318 years group), seasoning (+19.6% for MP in the 12\u201318 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.009), and oils (+55.6% for EP in the \u2265 65 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.025), while negative correlations were noted with livestock (\u221212.0% for MP in the 12\u201318 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.030) and other foods (\u22125.1% for PP in the 19\u201364 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.034). For BPA, positive correlations were identified with protein (+8.7% in the \u2265 65 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.026) and fish and seafood (+24.4% in the \u2265 65 years group,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.049). A probabilistic health risk assessment was conducted using Monte Carlo simulation to account for variability and uncertainty in exposure estimates, providing a distribution of potential risks and identifying the likelihood of exceeding acceptable daily intakes. Following\u00a0the probabilistic simulation, the results showed that all hazard indices for PB exposure were below one, indicating no significant risk. However, the hazard quotient of the estimated daily BPA intake exceeded the tolerable level established by EFSA (0.2 ng\/kg bw\/day) across all age groups, suggesting potential health risks. To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide study to investigate the associations of urinary PBs and BPA with food group consumption in the general population of Taiwan, highlighting its novelty and public health relevance.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70652","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]],"date-time":"2025-10-30T09:24:28Z","timestamp":1761816268000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Analysis of Paraben and Bisphenol A Exposure in Relation to Food Intake Levels and Health Risk Assessments in the Taiwanese Population"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3842-416X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kai\u2010Wei","family":"Liao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Food Safety, College of Nutrition Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hsuan\u2010Cheng","family":"Yen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chun\u2010Huei","family":"Chang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wen\u2010Harn","family":"Pan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Public Health Taipei Medical University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8349-0126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mei\u2010Lien","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences, School of Medicine National Yang\u2010Ming Chiao Tung University  Taipei Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijheh.2013.11.004"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"Lead and Bisphenol A Concentrations in the Canadian Population","volume":"21","author":"Bushnik T.","year":"2010","journal-title":"Health Reports"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901560"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","unstructured":"CDC.2018. \u201cFourth National Report on Human Exposure to Environmental Chemicals.\u201dhttps:\/\/stacks.cdc.gov\/view\/cdc\/105344. 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