{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,11]],"date-time":"2026-09-11T19:09:37Z","timestamp":1789153777077,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]],"date-time":"2025-11-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1762473600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Chamomile flowers (\n                      <jats:italic>Chamaemelum nobile<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.), widely known for their medicinal properties, were dried under different methods and conditions to preserve the plant and its health benefits. Sun drying with forced and natural convection was applied, and the effect of adding a mesh shading was evaluated to compare against controlled conditions (drying in an electric oven and a forced convective dryer). Bioactive compounds such as carotenoid content (3.15\u20137.95\u00a0mg\/g), antioxidant activity (70.20\u201389.23%), and ascorbic acid (32.59\u201352.31\u00a0mg\/100\u00a0g) were evaluated as response variables. Physical properties such as moisture content, water activity, and color parameters were also evaluated to ensure microbiological stability and visual acceptance. Chamomile flowers showed an excellent antibacterial capacity, finding the best results with solar drying with mesh shading and natural convection with minimum inhibitory concentrations of 0.375\u00a0mg\/mL against\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 0.300\u00a0mg\/mL against\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      , while the minimum bactericidal concentrations were 0.750\u00a0mg\/mL for\n                      <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and 0.600\u00a0mg\/mL for\n                      <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . The findings underscore solar drying's capacity to maintain both nutritional and medicinal integrity, positioning it as a promising approach for the food and herbal medicine industries seeking eco\u2010friendly processing solutions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The findings of this research support the use of solar drying as a sustainable and cost\u2010effective technique for preserving medicinal and nutritional value in chamomile. Potential applications include the production of high\u2010quality chamomile tea, herbal infusions, and natural medicinal products, as well as the development of sustainable drying methods for other medicinal herbs. The optimized solar drying conditions can also contribute to the development of eco\u2010friendly and energy\u2010efficient drying technologies for the food and herbal medicine industries.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,8]],"date-time":"2025-11-08T05:42:58Z","timestamp":1762580578000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Impact of Solar Drying Techniques on Bioactive Composition and Antibacterial Activity of Chamomile (\n                    <i>Chamaemelum nobile<\/i>\n                    L.)"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4508-1102","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paulina","family":"Guill\u00e9n\u2010Vel\u00e1zquez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Estancias Posdoctorales por M\u00e9xico, Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n, Direcci\u00f3n Adjunta de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico  M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"Instituto de Energ\u00edas Renovables de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (IER\u2010UNAM)  Temixco Morelos M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9478-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Octavio","family":"Garc\u00eda\u2010Valladares","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Energ\u00edas Renovables de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (IER\u2010UNAM)  Temixco Morelos M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-1063-5583","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iris","family":"Santos\u2010Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Programa de Investigadoras e Investigadores por M\u00e9xico\u2010 Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n  M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3576-3476","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mariana Gisela","family":"Pe\u00f1a\u2010Ju\u00e1rez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Tecnol\u00f3gico Nacional de M\u00e9xico\/Instituto Tecnol\u00f3gico de Orizaba  Orizaba Veracruz M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5411-8264","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alfredo","family":"Dom\u00ednguez\u2010Ni\u00f1o","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Instituto de Energ\u00edas Renovables de la Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico (IER\u2010UNAM)  Temixco Morelos M\u00e9xico"},{"name":"C\u00e1tedra \u2010 Secretar\u00eda de Ciencia, Humanidades, Tecnolog\u00eda e Innovaci\u00f3n Direcci\u00f3n Adjunta de Desarrollo Cient\u00edfico  M\u00e9xico City M\u00e9xico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,7]]},"reference":[{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","first-page":"57","article-title":"Effect of Time and Temperature on Moisture Content, Shrinkage, and Rehydration of Dried Onion","volume":"6","author":"Abbasi S.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Iranian Journal of Chemical Engineering"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11051025"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10942912.2024.2327335"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.9734\/BMRJ\/2015\/16263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.renene.2018.01.055"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/su152115373"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750\u20103841.16944"},{"issue":"803","key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","first-page":"2","article-title":"Dehydration of Chamomile Flowers Under Different Drying Conditions","volume":"10","author":"El Sayed G. 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