{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T22:44:39Z","timestamp":1791931479926,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]],"date-time":"2025-11-24T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1763942400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":23,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,1]],"date-time":"2025-11-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1761955200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003593","name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["314191\/2021\u20106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["314191\/2021\u20106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003593","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002322","name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["88887.705821\/2022\u20100"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["88887.705821\/2022\u20100"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002322","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004901","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Amparo \u00e0 Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APQ\u201001076\u201024"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APQ\u201001076\u201024"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004901","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Papaya seeds are agroindustrial residues rich in bioactive compounds, lipids, and proteins. Their high moisture content makes them vulnerable to chemical and microbiological deterioration. Drying is a practical process to extend shelf life. The immersion in ethanol can be used as a drying pretreatment for improving the final quality and reducing drying time. This study examined the effect of ethanol on drying kinetics, specific energy consumption, cell\u2010wall thickness, quality parameters (water activity, color, phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity), oil yield, and mass\u2010transfer mechanisms via mathematical modeling. Seeds were immersed in ethanol for 2\u00a0min and convectively dried at 50\u00b0C or 70\u00b0C (air velocity 1 m s\n                      <jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\n                      ). The pretreatment shortened drying time by up to 55% and reduced energy demand by 54.07% at 50\u00b0C and 31.13% at 70\u00b0C, while inducing structural thinning of the cell wall that enhanced mass transfer. Drying preserved total phenolics and ABTS antioxidant activity, although flavonoids were more susceptible to ethanol\u2010related degradation. Lowering water activity proved effective for product stability, and drying at 50\u00b0C with ethanol offered better color retention. Mathematical modeling confirmed that ethanol altered mass\u2010transfer behavior, yielding a mixed regime governed by both internal diffusion and external convection. Ethanol pretreatment coupled with temperature control thus optimizes papaya\u2010seed drying, supporting their use as a sustainable ingredient for the food and pharmaceutical industries.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that ethanol pretreatment prior to convective drying of papaya seeds is an effective strategy to reduce drying time and energy consumption while preserving functional properties such as phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity. The dried seeds exhibit microbiological stability and potential for use in functional foods, dietary supplements, and cosmetics. Moreover, the technique offers a sustainable solution for agro\u2010industrial waste valorization, contributing to circular economy practices and adding value to the papaya supply chain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70721","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T04:06:34Z","timestamp":1764043594000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Convective Drying of Papaya Seeds: Impact of Ethanol Pretreatment"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"90","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8662-4911","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda Aparecida","family":"de Lima Santos","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Federal University of Lavras  Lavras Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Eduarda","family":"Teixeira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Federal University of Lavras  Lavras Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3409-8267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paula Giarolla","family":"Silveira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exact Sciences Federal University of Juiz de Fora  Juiz de Fora Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6818-6927","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jefferson Luiz Gomes","family":"Corr\u00eaa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science Federal University of Lavras  Lavras Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Oficial Methods of Analysis","author":"AOAC","year":"2019"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"462","article-title":"Standardisation d'un Extrait De Propolis et Identification Des Principaux Constituants","volume":"49","author":"Arvouet\u2010Grand A.","year":"1994","journal-title":"Journal De Pharmacie De Belgique"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2017.12.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.btre.2016.08.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649\u2010021\u201001659\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13176"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947\u2010020\u201002542\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2017.12.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1981\u20106723.6016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8040434"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2016.03.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2015.09.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/07373937.2012.667469"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13884"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ifset.2017.04.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","volume-title":"The Mathematics of Diffusion","author":"Crank J.","year":"1975"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947\u2010024\u201003724\u20102"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.18540\/jcecvl6iss4pp0446\u20100452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s43153\u2010023\u201000362\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.17756\/jfcn.2018\u2010063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2021.113046"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1099\u2010114X(199606)20:6<531::AID\u2010ER171>3.0.CO;2\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26850\/1678\u20104618eqj.v48.3.2023.p81\u201090"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2013.07.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpp.16284"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2022.2124415"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.afres.2024.100645"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/1413\u20107054202145020421"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2017.06.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/4051475"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15446\/agron.colomb.v41n2.108843"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/1750\u20103841.15585"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11947\u2010023\u201003066\u20105"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2011.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/9781420017618"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2023.111634"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12649\u2010022\u201001925\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfpe.13822"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2021.110929"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1051\/ocl\/2019025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114586"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1590\/S0101\u201031222009000200013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2022.2057527"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2023.113863"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbp.2015.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2019.01212"}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70721","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70721","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70721","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,19]],"date-time":"2026-03-19T11:28:00Z","timestamp":1773919680000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70721"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1750-3841.70721"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70721","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1147","1750-3841"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1147","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-3841","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,11]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-07-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-11-24","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70721"}}