{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T17:00:39Z","timestamp":1767546039892,"version":"3.48.0"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767484800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":3,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007104","name":"Trakya \u00dcniversitesi","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007104","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Goji berry is a rich source of carotenoids, particularly zeaxanthin dipalmitate (ZDP), a bioactive compound linked to antioxidant and eye\u2010health benefits. This study presents a green ultrasound\u2010assisted extraction (UAE) approach for the efficient extraction and optimization of ZDP, total carotenoids, phenolics, and antioxidant compounds from goji berry. A Box\u2013Behnken design within the response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to optimize three key variables\u2010ultrasound amplitude, extraction time, and solvent\u2010to\u2010solid ratio\u2010under mild conditions (40% ethanol, room temperature). Quadratic models best described the responses for total carotenoids, ZDP, and total phenolic content (TPC), whereas a two\u2010factor interaction (2FI) model provided the best fit for total antioxidant compounds. The optimal UAE conditions (25% amplitude, 2 min, and 3.27:1 g\/g ratio) significantly enhanced the extraction efficiency of carotenoids and phenolics, while also improving mineral content (phosphorus, copper, selenium) and color quality, indicating improved nutritional and sensory properties of the extract. These findings highlight the potential of UAE as a sustainable technique for producing carotenoid\u2010 and phenolic\u2010rich goji berry extracts that can serve as natural colorants and antioxidant ingredients in functional foods and nutraceutical formulations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study demonstrates that UAE can efficiently recover ZDP and phenolic compounds from goji berry within a short time, enhancing both nutritional and color properties. The resulting extracts can be applied in foods, beverages, and nutraceuticals as natural colorants and antioxidant\u2010rich ingredients, offering a sustainable alternative to synthetic additives and supporting the development of functional products with added health benefits.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.70829","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T16:57:37Z","timestamp":1767545857000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction and Optimization of Zeaxanthin Dipalmitate, Total Carotenoids, Phenolics, and Antioxidant Compounds From Goji Berry: Quality Insights Into Mineral and Color Attributes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Semiha Dilara","family":"Watmon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering Trakya University  Edirne Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1766-3762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emel","family":"Yilmaz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Engineering, Department of Food Engineering Trakya University  Edirne Turkey"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]]},"reference":[{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1144","DOI":"10.1111\/ijfs.12767","article-title":"A Potential of Ultrasound on Minerals, Micro\u2010Organisms, Phenolic Compounds and Colouring Pigments of Grapefruit Juice","volume":"50","author":"Aadil R. M.","year":"2015","journal-title":"International Journal of Food Science and Technology"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2013.06.002","article-title":"Sonication Enhances Polyphenolic Compounds, Sugars, Carotenoids and Mineral Elements of Apple Juice","volume":"21","author":"Abid M.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","first-page":"127","article-title":"Effect of Abrasive Pretreatment on Hot Dried Goji Berry","volume":"44","author":"Adiletta G.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chemical Engineering Transactions"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2011.03.027","article-title":"A Review of Botanical Characteristics, Phytochemistry, Clinical Relevance in Efficacy and Safety of Lycium Barbarum Fruit (Goji)","volume":"44","author":"Amagase H.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2013.12.011","article-title":"Review of Methods for Analysis of Carotenoids","volume":"56","author":"Amorim\u2010Carrilho K.","year":"2014","journal-title":"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2021.101185","article-title":"Effects of Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction on Physicochemical Properties, Bioactive Compounds, and Antioxidant Capacity for the Valorization of Hybrid Mandarin Peels","volume":"42","author":"Anticona M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Bioscience"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2990","DOI":"10.1080\/87559129.2021.2007261","article-title":"Biological Effects of Goji Berry and the Association With New Industrial Applications: A Review","volume":"39","author":"Aparecida Plastina Cardoso M.","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Reviews International"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","article-title":"Macronutrient and Micronutrient Levels and Phenolic Compound Characteristics of Monofloral Honey Samples","volume":"59","author":"Bayram N. E.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Journal of Food and Nutrition Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.05.044","article-title":"Extraction of Carotenoids From Cantaloupe Waste and Determination of its Mineral Composition","volume":"111","author":"Benmeziane A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2018.09.098","article-title":"Characterisation and Geographical Traceability of Italian Goji Berries","volume":"275","author":"Bertoldi D.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.019","article-title":"Response Surface Methodology (RSM) as a Tool for Optimization in Analytical Chemistry","volume":"76","author":"Bezerra M. A.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Talanta"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.2174\/1573406410666141110153858","article-title":"Practical Application of Antidiabetic Efficacy of Lycium Barbarum Polysaccharide in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes","volume":"11","author":"Cai H.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Medicinal Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aca.2011.11.032","article-title":"Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Grapes","volume":"732","author":"Carrera C.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Analytica Chimica Acta"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"540","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ultsonch.2016.06.035","article-title":"Ultrasound Assisted Extraction of Food and Natural Products. Mechanisms, Techniques, Combinations, Protocols and Applications. A Review","volume":"34","author":"Chemat F.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ultrasonics Sonochemistry"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1079\/BJN20041284","article-title":"Fasting Plasma Zeaxanthin Response to Fructus Barbarum L.(Wolfberry; Kei Tze) in a Food\u2010Based Human Supplementation Trial","volume":"93","author":"Cheng C. Y.","year":"2005","journal-title":"British Journal of Nutrition"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.3390\/pr8010008","article-title":"Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction of GAC Peel: An Optimization of Extraction Conditions for Recovering Carotenoids and Antioxidant Capacity","volume":"8","author":"Chuyen H. V.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Processes"},{"issue":"3","key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.3906\/tar-1808-17","article-title":"Different Harvest Times Affect Market Quality of Lycium Barbarum L. berries","volume":"43","author":"\u00c7olak A. M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Turkish Journal of Agriculture and Forestry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9763210","article-title":"Lycium Barbarum Reduces Abdominal Fat and Improves Lipid Profile and Antioxidant Status in Patients With Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"2017","author":"Souza Zanchet M. Z.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oxidative Medicine and Cellular Longevity"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Physico\u2010Chemical Properties, Fatty Acid Composition and Mineral Contents of Goji Berry (Lycium Barbarum L.) Fruit","volume":"21","author":"Endes Z.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Agroalimentary Processes and Technologies"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.09.065","article-title":"Ultrastructural Deposition Forms and Bioaccessibility of Carotenoids and Carotenoid Esters From Goji Berries (Lycium Barbarum L.)","volume":"218","author":"Hempel J.","year":"2017","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2022.105049","article-title":"Carotenoids Present in goji Berries Lycium Barbarum L. are Suitable to Protect Against Mycotoxins Effects: An in Vitro Study of Bioavailability","volume":"92","author":"Juan C.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2019.125854","article-title":"Ultrasonic\u2010Assisted Extraction and High\u2010Speed Counter\u2010Current Chromatography Purification of Zeaxanthin Dipalmitate From the Fruits of Lycium Barbarum L","volume":"310","author":"Kan X.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5314","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25225314","article-title":"Health\u2010Promoting Capacities of in Vitro and Cultivated Goji (Lycium Chinense Mill.) Fruit and Leaves; Polyphenols, Antimicrobial Activity, Macro\u2010and Microelements and Heavy Metals","volume":"25","author":"Kruczek A.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"130","DOI":"10.1080\/01448765.2020.1748714","article-title":"Concentrations of Minerals, Soluble Solids, Vitamin C, Carotenoids and Toxigenic Elements in Organic Goji Berries (Lycium Barbarum L.) Cultivated in Lithuania","volume":"36","author":"Kulaitien\u0117 J.","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biological Agriculture and Horticulture"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1515\/pjfns-2015-0040","article-title":"Goji Berry (Lycium Barbarum): Composition and Health Effects\u2013a Review","volume":"66","author":"Kulczy\u0144ski B.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Polish Journal of Food and Nutrition Sciences"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.891462","article-title":"Ultrasound\u2010assisted Extraction of Natural Pigments From Food Processing by\u2010products: a Review","volume":"9","author":"Linares G.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Frontiers in Nutrition"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"837","DOI":"10.1016\/j.indcrop.2013.07.023","article-title":"Optimization of Ultrasonic Extraction of Phenolic Compounds From Euryale Ferox Seed Shells Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"49","author":"Liu Y.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Industrial Crops and Products"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2014.09.072","article-title":"Physico\u2010Chemical Parameters, Bioactive Compounds and Microbial Quality of Thermo\u2010Sonicated Carrot Juice During Storage","volume":"172","author":"Mart\u00ednez\u2010Flores H. E.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Response Surface Methodology: Process and Product Optimization Using Designed Experiments","author":"Myers R. H.","year":"2016"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2021.103846","article-title":"Evaluation of Fruit Characteristics of Various Organically\u2010Grown Goji Berry (Lycium Barbarum L., Lycium Chinense Miller) Species During Ripening Stages","volume":"101","author":"O\u011fuz \u0130.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Journal of Food Composition and Analysis"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108660","article-title":"Qualitative and Nutritional Comparison of Goji Berry Fruits Produced in Organic and Conventional Systems","volume":"257","author":"Pedro A. C.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Scientia Horticulturae"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fbio.2022.101954","article-title":"Nutraceutical Profile of Goji (Lycium Barbarum L.) Berries in Relation to Environmental Conditions and Harvesting Period","volume":"49","author":"Poggioni L.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Bioscience"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2017.07.099","article-title":"Carotenoid Extraction Methods: A Review of Recent Developments","volume":"240","author":"Saini R. K.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2021.118265","article-title":"Ultrasonic\u2010Assisted Extraction of Zeaxanthin From Lycium Barbarum L. With Composite Solvent Containing Ionic Liquid: Experimental and Theoretical Research","volume":"347","author":"Shen Q.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Molecular Liquids"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"166","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcab.2015.02.001","article-title":"Optimization of Zeaxanthin and \u03b2\u2010Carotene Extraction From Chlorella Saccharophila Isolated From New Zealand Marine Waters","volume":"4","author":"Singh D.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1572","DOI":"10.1021\/jf00097a031","article-title":"Influence of Processing and Storage on the Phenolic Composition of Apple Juice","volume":"38","author":"Spanos G. A.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1753-4887.2012.00473.x","article-title":"Dietary Phosphorus in Bone Health and Quality of Life","volume":"70","author":"Takeda E.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrition Reviews"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"669","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfca.2006.01.003","article-title":"Comparison of ABTS, DPPH, FRAP, and ORAC Assays for Estimating Antioxidant Activity From Guava Fruit Extracts","volume":"19","author":"Thaipong K.","year":"2006","journal-title":"Journal of Food Composition and Analysis"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2423","DOI":"10.1021\/jf073503y","article-title":"Effects of Sonication on the Kinetics of Orange Juice Quality Parameters","volume":"56","author":"Tiwari B.","year":"2008","journal-title":"Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"22","key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6763","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26226763","article-title":"Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction of Carotenoids From Carrot Pomace and Their Optimization Through Response Surface Methodology","volume":"26","author":"Umair M.","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11020248","article-title":"Health Benefits and Applications of Goji Berries in Functional Food Products Development: A Review","volume":"11","author":"Vidovi\u0107 B. B.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Antioxidants"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trac.2017.09.002","article-title":"Ultrasonically Assisted Extraction (UAE) and Microwave Assisted Extraction (MAE) of Functional Compounds From Plant Materials","volume":"97","author":"Vinatoru M.","year":"2017","journal-title":"TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jarmap.2022.100387","article-title":"Optimization of Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction of Phenolic Antioxidants From Turkey Berry (Solanum Torvum Sw) Fruits Using Response Surface Methodology","volume":"30","author":"Weremfo A.","year":"2022","journal-title":"Journal of Applied Research on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"632","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.07.061","article-title":"Phenolic and Carotenoid Profile of New Goji Cultivars and Their Anti\u2010Hyperglycemic, Anti\u2010Aging and Antioxidant Properties","volume":"48","author":"Wojdy\u0142o A.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Journal of Functional Foods"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodchem.2016.01.046","article-title":"Functional Constituents and Antioxidant Activities of Eight Chinese Native Goji Genotypes","volume":"200","author":"Zhang Q.","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chemistry"},{"issue":"7","key":"e_1_2_10_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox8070200","article-title":"Optimization of Ultrasound\u2010Assisted Extraction of Antioxidant Polyphenols From the Seed Coats of Red Sword Bean (Canavalia Gladiate (Jacq.) DC.)","volume":"8","author":"Zhou Y.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antioxidants"}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70829","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,4]],"date-time":"2026-01-04T16:57:44Z","timestamp":1767545864000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70829"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"1","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1750-3841.70829"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1750-3841.70829","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1147","1750-3841"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1147","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-3841","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-10-04","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-12-18","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-01-04","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70829"}}