{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T02:00:48Z","timestamp":1785463248745,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]],"date-time":"2026-03-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1774742400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The enzymatic hydrolysis of skate cartilage utilizing Alcalase and Protamex was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM). The quadratic model was adequate, confirming its appropriateness for optimization. The optimal parameters for the extraction of total uronic acids were a 0.98% enzyme concentration, 264 min of hydrolysis, and a hydrolysate\u2010to\u2010ethanol ratio of 1:2.14. High\u2010performance liquid chromatography analysis revealed \u2206Di\u20106S as the principal disaccharide. To validate the optimized extract, biological assays were performed in lipopolysaccharide\u2010stimulated RAW264.7 macrophages and interleukin (IL)\u20101\u03b2\u2010induced SW1353 chondrocytes. Skate cartilage extract (SCE) significantly reduced nitric oxide levels (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) and cytokine levels of IL\u20101\u03b2 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028), IL\u20106 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004), and tumor necrosis factor\u2010\u03b1 (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt; 0.001) in a dose\u2010dependent manner in RAW264.7 macrophages, indicating the suppression of inflammatory signaling pathways. The high chondroitin\u20106\u2010sulfate may contribute to these anti\u2010inflammatory effects. In IL\u20101\u03b2\u2010induced SW1353 chondrocytes, SCE dose\u2010dependently increased the mRNA expression of aggrecan (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.022) and type II collagen (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.033), indicating that SCE may counteract IL\u20101\u03b2\u2010induced suppression of gene expression. This study indicates that RSM is a useful approach for optimizing extraction conditions from skate cartilage. In vitro assays showed that the optimized extract attenuated inflammatory markers in macrophages and upregulated aggrecan and type II collagen mRNA in chondrocytes. Therefore, the SCE produced under RSM\u2010optimized conditions demonstrates modulatory effects on inflammatory responses and cartilage matrix gene expression in vitro.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This paper describes the RSM\u2010based optimization of enzymatic extraction conditions to maximize CS\u2010rich extract yield from skate (\n                      <jats:italic>Raja<\/jats:italic>\n                      spp.) cartilage, a sustainable marine by\u2010product of fish processing. The optimized extract was rich in chondroitin sulfate, particularly chondroitin\u20106\u2010sulfate, and demonstrated in vitro anti\u2010inflammatory and chondroprotective effects.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71013","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:36:43Z","timestamp":1774849003000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimization of Chondroitin Sulfate Extraction From Skate (\n                    <i>Raja<\/i>\n                    spp.) Cartilage Using Response Surface Methodology: Anti\u2010Inflammatory and Chondroprotective Activities"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"given":"Se Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwanyong","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kyeong Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae\u2010Ho","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Techno Inc.  Suncheon\u2010si Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4316-2726","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ji Yeon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Biotechnology Seoul National University of Science and Technology  Seoul Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10068-024-01766-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.talanta.2008.05.019"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0975-7406.106561"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425908094725"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.abb.2009.09.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10787-013-0171-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2013-204660"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2017.05.123"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-011-3801-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2017.04.038"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0144-8617(99)00103-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","unstructured":"Food and Agriculture Organization.2024.The state of world Fisheries and Aquaculture 2024\u2014Blue Transformation in action. 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