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This literature review synthesizes in vitro and in vivo studies retrieved from PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar using the keywords \u201ctempeh,\u201d \u201cantidiabetic,\u201d \u201cdiabetes mellitus,\u201d \u201cin vitro,\u201d and \u201cin vivo\u201d focusing on experimental designs evaluating biochemical, histological, and metabolic outcomes relevant to glycemic regulation. The proposed antidiabetic mechanisms of tempeh involve the inhibition of \u03b1\u2010amylase and \u03b1\u2010glucosidase to attenuate postprandial hyperglycemia, improvement of insulin secretion and sensitivity via AMPK activation, reduction of oxidative stress through enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity, and modulation of gut microbiota composition. Soybean tempeh consistently demonstrates hypoglycemic effects, \u03b2\u2010cell regeneration, and increased hepatic glycogen storage in diabetic animal models. Non\u2010soy variants, such as mung bean, pigeon pea, velvet bean, quinoa, sacha inchi, and komak bean tempeh, also exhibit glucose\u2010lowering activity with additional benefits, including lipid profile improvement, nephroprotection, anti\u2010inflammatory effects, and enhanced antioxidant capacity. Fermentation time, substrate type, and starter culture modification, particularly co\u2010inoculation with lactic acid bacteria, influence the bioactive profile and potency. Collectively, these findings suggest that the diverse bioactive compounds in tempeh act through complementary metabolic and cellular pathways, making it a promising dietary intervention for T2DM prevention and management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71014","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,30]],"date-time":"2026-03-30T05:39:12Z","timestamp":1774849152000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["A Critical Review of Antidiabetic Properties of Tempeh From Various Substrates"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2409-5449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fitriyono","family":"Ayustaningwarno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition Science, Faculty of Medicine Universitas Diponegoro  Semarang Indonesia"},{"name":"Center of Nutrition Research (CENURE) Universitas 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