{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,7]],"date-time":"2026-08-07T16:48:44Z","timestamp":1786121324346,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]],"date-time":"2026-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1782000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Asaigermanium is a water\u2010soluble organogermanium compound created by Kazuhiko Asai and colleagues in 1967. It was first researched and developed decades ago as a pharmaceutical product, but it is now used as a raw material for food supplements and cosmetics. After more than 50 years of research and development, the physiological activities of Asaigermanium have been investigated, and the effects of Asaigermanium have been evaluated in multiple toxicological studies. However, because of the health hazards of inorganic germanium (germanium dioxide and lactic acid\/citric acid\u2013germanium, also known as the germanium\u2013citrate\u2013lactate complex), there have been false reports that all organogermanium compounds may be as harmful to health as inorganic germanium is. Therefore, in this review, in addition to providing an outline of the test data that have verified the safety of Asaigermanium thus far, we introduce the results from many recent toxicological studies. In addition, we describe the registered certification of Asaigermanium in the In\u2010House Safety Association of Health Foods of the Japan Health and Nutrition Food Association, which is a third\u2010party registration framework for the voluntary safety inspection of health food ingredients in Japan.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71204","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,22]],"date-time":"2026-06-22T05:48:07Z","timestamp":1782107287000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Summary of the Safety Assessment Data of the Most Common Organogermanium Food Ingredient, Asaigermanium (Poly\u2010\n                    <i>trans<\/i>\n                    \u2010[(2\u2010carboxyethyl)germasesquioxane])"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4498-6177","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sota","family":"Doiyama","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd.  Kawasaki Kanagawa Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4625-9416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Nakamura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hakodate R&amp;D Center of Asai Germanium Research Institute Co., Ltd.  Hakodate Hokkaido Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14814\/phy2.70234"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/aoc.590060304"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","volume-title":"Miracle Cure Organic Germanium","author":"Asai K.","year":"1981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348\u20100421.1985.tb00803.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/fts.4.137"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0306\u20103623(93)90447\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","first-page":"263","article-title":"Effect of 2\u2010Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide (Ge\u2010132) on Granuloma Formation in Rats","volume":"34","author":"Furusawa S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Tohoku Yakka Daigaku Kenkyu Nempo"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10408440903190861"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/chem.201705567"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.35.4.507"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.35.2.173"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","first-page":"131","article-title":"Fundamental Studies on Physiological and Pharmacological Actions of L\u2010Ascorbate 2\u2010Sulfate (IV) on the General Pharmacological Actions of L\u2010Ascorbate 2\u2010Sulfate","volume":"12","author":"Hayashi E.","year":"1976","journal-title":"Pharmacometrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0272\u20106386(12)80403\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","unstructured":"Ishida N. andI.Kimura.2001. \u201cScience of Organogermanium.\u201dToyo\u2010Igakusha Co. Ltd.https:\/\/www.scirp.org\/reference\/referencespapers?referenceid=3069209(in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2131\/fts.5.127"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","first-page":"89","article-title":"Metabolic Fate of 2\u2010Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide (3) Continual Administration","volume":"32","author":"Kagoshima M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacometrics"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","first-page":"71","article-title":"Metabolic Fate of 2\u2010Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide (1) Oral Administration","volume":"32","author":"Kagoshima M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Pharmacometrics"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","first-page":"1497","article-title":"Studies on Antigenicity Test of 2\u2010Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide","volume":"15","author":"Kagoshima M.","year":"1986","journal-title":"Japanese Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Care and Sciences"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","first-page":"5","article-title":"Acute Toxicity Study of Proxigermanium (SK\u2010818) in Mice and Rats","volume":"24","author":"Kanda K.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Kiso to Rinsho"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107555304323062338"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/107555304323062329"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.29011\/2577\u20102201.100263"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/14.10.2464"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cas.14306"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.5466\/ijoms.1.10"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","first-page":"341","article-title":"Germanium\u2010Induced Nephropathy: Report of Two Cases and Review of the Literature","volume":"30","author":"Matsusaka T.","year":"1988","journal-title":"Clinical Nephrology"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11061535"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","unstructured":"Ministry of Health Labour and Welfare.1988. \u201cHandling of Foods Containing Germanium: Notification of Director of Health and Welfare Bureau.\u201dhttps:\/\/www.mhlw.go.jp\/topics\/bukyoku\/iyaku\/syoku\u2010anzen\/hokenkinou\/4b\u20103.html(in Japanese)."},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","first-page":"1527","article-title":"Toxicology and Phase I Studies on a Novel Organogermanium Compound, Ge\u2010132","volume":"2","author":"Miyao K.","year":"1979","journal-title":"Current Chemotherapy and Infectious Disease"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","first-page":"911","article-title":"Reactions of Trichlorogermane With Acrylic Acid and Its Derivatives","volume":"37","author":"Mironov V. 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[in Japanese]."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","first-page":"265","article-title":"Persistent Renal Dysfunction Induced by Chronic Intake of Germanium\u2010Containing Compounds","volume":"41","author":"Okuda S.","year":"1987","journal-title":"Current Therapeutic Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2021.118981"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/6275625"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.202314709"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","first-page":"228","article-title":"Germanium\u2010Induced Nephropathy in Rats: Germanium Dioxide in Comparison With Carboxyethylgermanium Sesquioxide","volume":"26","author":"Sanai T.","year":"1989","journal-title":"Kidney and 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