{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:47:26Z","timestamp":1790423246814,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785456000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This study aimed to encapsulate\n                      <jats:italic>Nigella sativa<\/jats:italic>\n                      essential oil (NSEO) using gelatin (Ge) and gum arabic (GA) via complex coacervation to produce NSEO microcapsules (NSEO\u2010MCs), optimize encapsulation conditions, characterize the microcapsules, and evaluate antimicrobial activity. Response surface methodology (RSM) based on a Box\u2013Behnken design was used to optimize pH, wall material concentration, and oil concentration. Optimal conditions were pH 4.09, wall material concentration 1.52%, and oil concentration 0.64%, yielding a predicted encapsulation efficiency (EE) of 87.38%. Freeze\u2010dried microcapsules exhibited moisture content (MC) of 4.65%, hygroscopicity of 13.08%, water solubility (WS) of 19.44%, and moderate flowability, with a Carr's index (CI) of 17.78% and Hausner ratio (HR) of 1.22. X\u2010ray diffraction (XRD) revealed an amorphous character in NSEO\u2010MCs, with increased diffraction intensity at 2\n                      <jats:italic>\u03b8<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2248 20\u00b0 attributed to the compact Ge\u2013GA coacervate matrix. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) confirmed successful encapsulation through attenuation of NSEO\u2010characteristic C\u2500H stretching bands and Amide I profile changes, indicating noncovalent interactions between Ge and GA. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) demonstrated enhanced thermal stability, with the derivative thermogravimetry (DTG) peak shifting to higher temperatures and broadening relative to free NSEO, confirming the protective role of the wall matrix. Antimicrobial evaluation by agar well diffusion showed dose\u2010dependent inhibitory activity of both NSEO\u2010MCs and free NSEO against\n                      <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n                      . No significant difference was observed between NSEO\u2010MCs and free NSEO at any tested concentration, confirming that encapsulation preserved antimicrobial efficacy. These results indicate that Ge\u2013GA complex coacervation effectively protects NSEO while retaining its bioactive properties.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,31]],"date-time":"2026-07-31T11:10:44Z","timestamp":1785496244000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Encapsulation of\n                    <i>Nigella sativa<\/i>\n                    Essential Oil by Complex Coacervation Using Gelatin and Gum Arabic"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1339-3267","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neslihan","family":"Mutlu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology, Faculty of Science and Letters Kafkas University  Kars T\u00fcrkiye"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00dcmm\u00fc 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