{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T05:17:44Z","timestamp":1787980664062,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":18,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"am","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]],"date-time":"2026-08-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007917","name":"Agricultural Research Service","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007917","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Dry beans (\n                      <jats:italic>Phaseolus vulgaris<\/jats:italic>\n                      L.) are a nutrient\u2010dense and sustainable protein source, with potential for use as a food ingredient, but strong adhesion between the seed coat and cotyledon limits processing efficiency. This study evaluated mechanical and moisture\u2010based pretreatments, with and without enzymatic supplementation, to improve dehulling performance across four major US market classes (black, pinto, navy, and Great Northern) and assessed the nutritional quality of resulting cotyledon and hull fractions. Small\u2010scale trials identified that moisture tempering to 40% combined with bran\u2010cracking was the primary driver of improved dehulling (dehulling index [DI]\u00a0=\u00a00.84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01), with low enzyme addition providing a comparable DI (DI\u00a0=\u00a00.84\u00a0\u00b1\u00a00.01). Validation trials across four market classes confirmed that bran\u2010cracking with 40% moisture tempering achieved consistently high performance (DE\u00a0=\u00a082%\u201389%, DD\u00a0=\u00a095%\u2013100%, DI\u00a0=\u00a00.64\u20130.68), while enzyme addition provided no statistically significant additional benefit at the validation scale. Compositional analysis showed that hulls contained 33.2\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.5% crude fiber and 6%\u201316% protein, while cotyledons contained 12.4\u00a0\u00b1\u00a03.5% crude fiber and 19%\u201324% protein; across all pretreatments, cotyledon protein concentration remained stable, supporting its suitability as a consistent, protein\u2010dense ingredient stream. These findings demonstrate that moisture tempering combined with mechanical bran\u2010cracking constitutes a practical, enzyme\u2010free framework for enhancing dry bean dehulling while supporting value\u2010added utilization of hulls as functional, fiber\u2010rich ingredients.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Practical Applications<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This work identifies moisture tempering combined with mechanical bran\u2010cracking as the primary driver of improved dry bean dehulling performance\u2014a practical, enzyme\u2010free pretreatment strategy applicable across multiple US market classes. By enabling cleaner separation and recovering fiber\u2010rich hull fractions as functional, clean\u2010label ingredients, this approach supports reduced waste and expanded ingredient opportunities in pulse\u2010processing operations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T03:18:59Z","timestamp":1787195939000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Optimizing Mechanical, Moisture\u2010Based, and Enzymatic Pretreatments to Improve Dehulling Outcomes and Nutritional Quality in Four US Dry Bean Market Classes"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-6091-797X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Winter","family":"Graham","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karen","family":"Cichy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sugarbeet and Bean Research Unit USDA\u2010ARS  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8473-0390","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeffrey","family":"Swada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition Michigan State University  East Lansing Michigan USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Approved Methods of Analysis","author":"AACC International","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","volume-title":"Approved Methods of Analysis","author":"AACC International","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2021.681662"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/foods12224063"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s13197\u2010019\u201003940\u20101"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","unstructured":"Fernando H. S. S.2017. \u201cEffects of Pretreatments on Separating the Seed Coat From the Cotyledon of Black Bean.\u201d Master's thesis North Dakota State University.https:\/\/hdl.handle.net\/10365\/28710."},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"183","article-title":"Microstructural Changes in Maturing Seeds of the Common Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)","volume":"4","author":"Hughes J.","year":"1985","journal-title":"Food Structure"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12571\u2010022\u201001294\u20109"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13020519"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lwt.2026.119452"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.14303\/ajfst.2014.104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.26656\/fr.2017.4(5).155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.977986"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2008.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/leg3.155"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fsufs.2022.855788"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jsfa.11331"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750\u20103841.2006.00260.x"}],"container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.71342","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1111\/1750-3841.71342","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.71342","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"syndication"},{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1111\/1750-3841.71342","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,29]],"date-time":"2026-08-29T04:23:08Z","timestamp":1787977388000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1111\/1750-3841.71342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"references-count":18,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1111\/1750-3841.71342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1111\/1750-3841.71342","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["0022-1147","1750-3841"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0022-1147","type":"print"},{"value":"1750-3841","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-04-07","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-15","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-19","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e71342"}}