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This demonstrates an important trade\u2010off between the two techniques. The relationship between image\u2010based pore structure, food texture, and mass transfer processes in foods was elucidated. The state\u2010of\u2010the\u2010art, challenges, emerging trends, and future research directions were identified and discussed. These include the lack of validation or benchmark datasets and the need for benchmark datasets and the need for a focus on AI\u2010assisted\/explainable\/interpretable AI\u2010based segmentation algorithms and multiscale imaging approaches. These developments will offer new opportunities for improving the accuracy and deployment of image\u2010based pore characterization, thereby supporting the design of optimized food processing operations, improving texture prediction and mass transfer, and advancing quality control in food engineering.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.71450","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T09:51:38Z","timestamp":1789033898000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Image\u2010Based Pore Space and Pore Network Characterization: A Review of 2D\/3D Workflow in Foods"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"91","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4410-5934","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bobby Shekarau","family":"Luka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering Federal University, Wukari  Taraba State Nigeria"},{"name":"Department of Agriculture Integral University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul'alim Gambo","family":"Ibrahim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering Federal University, Wukari  Taraba State Nigeria"},{"name":"IMT Mines Albi Universit\u00e9 de Toulouse  Albi France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1241-2067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ibrahim Binni","family":"Muhammed","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Agricultural Engineering Federal University, Wukari  Taraba State Nigeria"},{"name":"College of Engineering Nanjing Agricultural University  Nanjing China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bello Mohammed","family":"Yunusa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Science and Technology Federal University, Wukari  Taraba State Nigeria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Haris","family":"Siddiqui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Integral University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khwaja","family":"Osama","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Bioengineering Integral University  Lucknow India"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_23_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.egypro.2017.11.277"},{"key":"e_1_2_23_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jfoodeng.2024.112130"},{"key":"e_1_2_23_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2024.114494"},{"key":"e_1_2_23_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Akasheva Z. 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