{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T03:55:23Z","timestamp":1790567723228,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":136,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1789516800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":15,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1788220800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["ift.onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Journal of Food Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:label\/>\n                    <jats:p>Bioactive peptides (BAPs) derived from animal, plant, and microbial proteins have attracted considerable interest because of their potential antioxidant, antihypertensive, antimicrobial, and immunomodulatory activities. However, differences in protein matrix structure, amino acid composition, and non\u2010protein components influence peptide release, structural characteristics, activity, and food\u2010use potential. This review summarizes recent progress in the preparation, structure\u2013activity relationships, and applications of BAPs from diverse sources, with particular emphasis on biomimetic enzymatic hydrolysis and microbial fermentation. The two approaches are compared in terms of substrate suitability, peptide release, downstream processing, sensory properties, scalability, and application scenarios. The review further discusses how molecular weight, amino acid composition, sequence arrangement, conformation, and post\u2010translational modification may contribute to peptide activity, while emphasizing that source\u2010level trends are not universal and require sequence\u2010 and assay\u2010specific validation. 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