{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T21:23:54Z","timestamp":1790198634044,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]],"date-time":"2020-07-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1594512000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":41,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000062","name":"National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DK49691"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DK49691"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000062","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Digest Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:p>Intestinal fibrosis is a devastating complication in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Its characteristics include the loss of regular peristalsis and nutrition absorption, excessive deposition of extracellular matrix (ECM) components, thickness of intestinal lumen due to the formation of strictures and of scar tissue. As a major cell type involved in fibrogenesis, the myofibroblasts have already been shown to have a plastic and heterogeneous function in producing abundant collagen, fibronectin and connective tissue growth factor. The primary sources of ECM\u2010producing and vimentin\u2010positive myofibroblasts come from different precursor cells, including bone marrow\u2010derived mesenchymal cells, fibrocytes, pericytes, epithelial to mesenchymal transition and endothelial to mesenchymal transition. Recent immunological research findings suggest that numerous cytokines and chemokines made from macrophages, in addition to T cells and other myeloid cell types, are also important drivers of myofibroblast differentiation and hence of the activation of myofibroblast\u2010mediated transforming growth factor and collagen production. In this review we discuss the origins, roles and cell signaling of myofibroblasts during the development of fibrosis in different organs, particularly in Crohn's disease. Finally, we suggest that the epigenetic and immunological regulation of myofibroblast differentiation may provide a novel antifibrotic strategy in the near future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1111\/1751-2980.12852","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,2,24]],"date-time":"2020-02-24T15:59:55Z","timestamp":1582559995000},"page":"326-331","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":36,"title":["The fate of myofibroblasts during the development of fibrosis in Crohn's disease"],"prefix":"10.1111","volume":"21","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4183-9764","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chao","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John F.","family":"Kuemmerle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia"},{"name":"Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Medical College of Virginia Campus Virginia Commonwealth University  Richmond Virginia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,7,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_16_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2009.31"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crohns.2008.05.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MIB.0000000000000043"},{"issue":"12","key":"e_1_2_16_5_1","first-page":"1491","article-title":"Cellular and molecular mediators of intestinal fibrosis","volume":"11","author":"Lawrance IC","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Crohns Colitis."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.09.047"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/imr.12192"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900345"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41581-019-0110-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78127-3_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/gut.2003.025478"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2005.03.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2016.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10620-013-2813-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/bjs.9302"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00474.2010"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_16_17_1","first-page":"452","article-title":"Pericytes as collagen\u2010producing cells in excessive dermal scarring","volume":"74","author":"Sundberg C","year":"1996","journal-title":"Lab Invest."},{"key":"e_1_2_16_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathol-020712-163930"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3758"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjy201"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MEG.0b013e32836371a2"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.13836"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ecco-jcc\/jjz134"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2011.07.042"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13839"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0172-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.02733"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/kisup.2014.7"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2015.00613"},{"key":"e_1_2_16_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"LiC KuemmerleJ. 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