{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T14:23:08Z","timestamp":1791555788541,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,15]],"date-time":"2020-04-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586908800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":14,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["J of Digest Diseases"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>To explore the prevalence of and risk factors for gallstone disease in Shanghai, China.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A population\u2010based cross\u2010sectional study was conducted in Shanghai between 2016 and 2017. Using a three\u2010stage stratified sampling strategy, 4009 participants (1753 men and 2256 women) from 10 districts were enrolled.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The overall prevalence of gallstones was 6.83% (6.22% for men vs 7.31% for women,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.173). According to the multivariate analysis, individuals aged \u226540\u2009years (odds ratio [OR] 3.058, 95% confidence interval [CI] 2.110\u20134.433,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      &lt;\u20090.001), hypertension (OR 1.479, 95% CI 1.076\u20132.034,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.016), thyroid disease (OR 1.409, 95% CI 1.029\u20131.928,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.032), a family history of gallstones (OR 2.234, 95% CI 1.362\u20133.662,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.001) and a waist\u2010to\u2010height ratio \u22650.5 (OR 1.656, 95% CI 1.197\u20132.292,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.002) had an increased risk of developing gallstones. The risk of gallstone disease was 2.232 (95% CI 1.167\u20134.268,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.015) times higher in individuals with elevated C4 levels than in those with normal C4 levels. Diabetes (OR 4.144, 95% CI 1.171\u201314.671,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.028) was a risk factor for the formation of gallstones with diameters \u22651 cm, and men were more susceptible to develop multiple stones (OR 2.356, 95% CI 1.321\u20134.200,\n                      <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                      = 0.004).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Individuals aged \u226540\u2009years, with a history of hypertension and familial gallstones, a high waist\u2010to\u2010height ratio, thyroid disease and high C4 levels were related to an increased risk of gallstone disease.<\/jats:p>\n                  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